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Animal Science 101 > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is digestion?

A

the process by which food is converted to compounds that can be assimilated by the body

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2
Q

What is absorption?

A

the movement of the substances from the GI tract to the cells/blood

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3
Q

Ruminant stomach characteristics

A

-complex “stomach
-microbial digestion
-long digestive tract
-protein synthesis
-herbivores

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4
Q

Monogastric stomach characterisitics

A

-simple stomach
-enzymatic digestion
-short digestive tract
-no protein synthesis
-carnivores/omnivores

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5
Q

Rumen

A

-rumen papillae
-site of microbe fermentation
-release of volatile fatty acids
-increase surface area by rumination

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6
Q

Reticulum

A

-honeycomb
-traps large feed particles
-traps metal pieces
-“hardware” disease

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7
Q

Omasum

A

-water regulation
-acts like a filter, squeezes water out of feed so it stays in the rumen

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8
Q

Abomasum

A

-“true” stomach
-enzymes to digest feedstuffs
-breaks down protein into amino acids (absorbed in small intestine)

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9
Q

Quality assurance

A

a program for the systematic monitoring and evaluation of various aspects of a project, service, or facility to ensure that standards of quality are being met

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10
Q

Quality assurance examples in livestock production

A

-daily production practices
-consumer expectations

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11
Q

In order to meet and exceed consumer expectations we must have:

A

product integrity and eating satisfaction

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12
Q

What types of things can be wrong with carcass?

A

bruising, bullet wounds, meet is a dark/purple color

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13
Q

Importance of livestock production

A

-generates a crop of offspring
-initiates lactation
-affected by genetics and environment

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14
Q

What are gonads?

A

sex glands

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15
Q

What do gonads produce?

A

-gametes (sex cells)
-sex hormones

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16
Q

What are the specific gonads?

A

ovaries and testicles

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17
Q

What is a gamete?

A

haploid sex cell

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18
Q

What are the specific gametes?

A

egg and sperm

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19
Q

What do ovaries produce?

A

egg cells, estrogen, and progesterone

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20
Q

What do testicles produce?

A

sperm cells, testosterone

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21
Q

Estrus

A

heat

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22
Q

Estrous cycle

A

period of time from one estrus to the next

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23
Q

Anestrous

A

period of sexual inactivity (between estrus cycles)

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24
Q

Puberty

A

age at which young become capable of reproducing

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25
Q

Fertilization

A

fusion of male and female gametes

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26
Q

Gestation

A

period of time in between conception and birth, (pregnant)

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27
Q

Embryo

A

early stage of development (organs and structures), becomes a fetus at a certain age

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28
Q

Human vs Livestock

A

Humans: menstrual cycle, “concealed ovulation”, lack obvious signs

Livestock: regularly in heat, timing can be seasonal

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29
Q

Short day breeders

A

conceive in fall, sheep

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30
Q

Long day breeders

A

conceive in spring, horses

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31
Q

Function of ovary

A

production of estrogen and progesterone

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32
Q

Function of oviduct

A

transport of egg and sperm, site of fertilization

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33
Q

Function of uterus

A

sperm transport, regulation of corpus luteum, site of pregnancy, expulsion of fetus

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34
Q

Function of cervix

A

sperm transport, prevents uterine contamination

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35
Q

Vagina

A

birth canal

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36
Q

LOOK AT REPRO ORGAN DIAGRAMS

A

GO LOOK

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37
Q

LOOK AT OVARIAN STRUCTRES DIAGRAM

A

GO LOOK

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38
Q

Follicle

A

ovulate egg (estrogen)

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39
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

pregnancy (progesterone)

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40
Q

Why do bison and horses have a longer puberty cycle?

A

they are not food production animals

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41
Q

Average gestation length for an ewe

A

147 days

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42
Q

Average gestation length for a doe

A

150 days

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43
Q

Average gestation length for a cow

A

285 days

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44
Q

Average gestation length for a sow

A

114 days

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45
Q

Luteal phase

A

-days 1-18
-progesterone from corpus luteum

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46
Q

Follicular phase

A

-days 18-21
-estrogen from follicle

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47
Q

Estrogen is high when

A

ovulation occurs

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48
Q

Progesterone is high when

A

the corpus luteum is at its largest

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49
Q

What is the average estrous cycle for most animals?

A

21 days

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50
Q

Timing of AI

A

-put sperm in about 12-24 hours after heat
-place it directly in uterus

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51
Q

Attempt at conception

A

-egg moves to oviduct
-fertilization with sperm
-CL releases progesterone

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52
Q

If no conception

A

-CL is killed about 15 days later by PG which is released from uterus

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53
Q

If conception and pregnancy

A

-uterine implantation in 5 weeks

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54
Q

When is maternal recognition of pregnancy?

A

days 14-15

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55
Q

Placentation

A

-connects mother to fetus
-produces progesterone

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56
Q

Caruncles

A

mother side

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57
Q

Cotyledons

A

fetus side

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58
Q

Prostaglandin tries to

A

kill off placenta

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59
Q

What is the main activity cows do during estrus?

A

stand to be mounted

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60
Q

Before ovulation structure

A

the follicle: estradiol

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61
Q

After ovulation structure

A

corpus luteum: progesterone

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62
Q

PGF2a is

A

prostate gland

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63
Q

How long is the estrus period (hours)?

A

8-16 hours

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64
Q

Secondary signs of heat

A

-swollen vulva
-alert and active
-more walking
-mucus discharge

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65
Q

Tail chalk is used to

A

see if the calf has been mounted

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66
Q

Kamar detectors are

A

less used because they can fall off and be expensive

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67
Q

Anestrus

A

-female does not exhibit regular estrous cycles
-ovaries are inactive
-can be pregnant, seasonal, stress, lactational

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68
Q

LOOK AT REPRO DIAGRAM OF UTERUS

A

GO LOOK

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69
Q

Estrous phase will not occur if

A

the cow is pregnant

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70
Q

The corpus luteum

A

protrudes out

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71
Q

The follicle

A

does not protrude

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72
Q

What angle to do AI?

A

45 degree angle

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73
Q

2 ways to diagnose pregnancy

A

-rectal palpation
-ultrasound

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74
Q

Why do pregnant cows arrive at slaughter?

A

-producers unaware
-health status
-poor production
-economic reasons

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75
Q

Causes of fetal loss

A

-chromosomal abnormalities
-stress
-nutrition
-infection
-toxic plants

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76
Q

What can we do to minimize fetal loss?

A

-proper management
-vaccinations
-cleanliness
-minimize stress

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77
Q

Characteristics of early gestation

A

-organ development
-formation of limbs
-placentation

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78
Q

Characteristics of mid-gestation

A

-functionality of tissues
-peak placental growth

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79
Q

Characteristics of late gestation

A

-peak fetal growth

80
Q

There is competition for nutrients between the

A

mother, fetus, placenta, mammary

81
Q

Genetics

A

study of inheritance and variation

82
Q

Animal breeding

A

application of knowledge of genetics to the improvement of animals

83
Q

Performance=

A

genetics + environment

84
Q

Transmittable

A

breeding value (progeny difference) (improved through selection)

85
Q

Creatable

A

gene combination value (improved through mating decisions)

86
Q

more complex P=

A

BV + GCV + E
(breeding) (produce better offspring) (environment)

87
Q

External factors on animal performance

A

-feeding and nutrition
-location
-climate and weather
-age

88
Q

Brisket disease

A

-heart is working hard to live at altitude
-pulmonary artery gets thick

89
Q

4 bases of DNA

A

A, T, C, G

90
Q

DNA determines the

A

structure of a protein

91
Q

Intron

A

does not contribute to protein sequence

92
Q

Exon

A

does contribute to protein sequence

93
Q

Gene expression

A

protein product

94
Q

Upregulation

A

healing process

95
Q

Downregulation

A

cancers downregulate to repair DNA

96
Q

Genotype

A

identifies the marker alleles an animal carries

97
Q

Single nucleotide polymorphism

A

-DNA sequence that occurs in a population
-effects performance

98
Q

Genomics

A

adds accuracy to our ability to select the “best” animals for breeding

99
Q

Direct selection

A

selection directly on the trait of interest

100
Q

Indirect selection

A

selecting on 1 trait to improve another

101
Q

Heritability

A

measure of the strength of the relationship between performance and breeding values for a trait in a population

102
Q

Performance

A

phenotypic value

103
Q

Breeding value

A

genetic value

104
Q

When heritability is low

A

an animals performance would not be a good indicator of their breeding value

105
Q

What are the 2 tools to improve animal populations

A

selection and mating

106
Q

Selection

A

which individuals become parents

107
Q

Mating

A

determines which males are bred to which females

108
Q

What are the 4 factors influencing rate of genetic improvement?

A

-selection intensity
-generation interval
-genetic variation
-accuracy of selection

109
Q

EPD

A

half of a breeding value

110
Q

the lower the EPD…

A

the better

111
Q

Stage 1 of parturition

A

-start of uterine contractions
-pressure against cervix
-ends with water sac and fetal parts out

112
Q

Stage 2 of parturition

A

-contractions
-ends with expulsion of fetus

113
Q

Stage 3 of parturition

A

-expulsion of fetal membranes (placenta)

114
Q

If contractions take too long

A

there is oxygen deprivation

115
Q

Fetal stress

A

-not enough room
-fetal cortisol
-bad weather

116
Q

P4

A

progesterone

117
Q

PGF2d

A

allows animal to cycle again

118
Q

relaxin

A

allows ligaments to stretch

119
Q

E2

A

estrogen

120
Q

Dystocia

A

difficult birth (5-15%)

121
Q

Biggest reason for dystocia

A

excessive birth rate and malpresentation

122
Q

Epididymis

A

concentration, storage, transport

123
Q

Testicles

A

testosterone and sperm production

124
Q

Vas deferens

A

sperm transport

125
Q

Scrotum

A

support of testicles

126
Q

Accessory gland

A

addition of fluid volume, nutrients

127
Q

Penis

A

copulatory organ

128
Q

Bull sperm

A

head, mid piece, principle piece, end piece

129
Q

Sperm abnormalities

A

proximal droplet, bent tail, detached

130
Q

Semen

A

-fluid from testicles that contains sperm and seminal fluid
-discharged from via ejaculation

131
Q

Sperm

A

-haploid gamete
-developed is testicles

132
Q

Breeding soundness exam

A

physical exam, collect, evaluate sperm cells

133
Q

Physical exam

A

-structure
-scrotal circumference
-repro tract

134
Q

Evaluate sperm cells

A

-concentration
-motility
-morphology

135
Q

Options for inseminating semen

A
  1. natural insemination
  2. artificial insemination
136
Q

Pros and cons of AI

A

genetic improvement, labor

137
Q

Pros and cons of natural service

A

low cost, poor bulls

138
Q

What is livestock judging?

A

appraising an animals value for the purpose which they are produced (form and shape)

139
Q

4 steps to evaluate livestock

A
  1. develop an ideal image
  2. observe, evaluate, compare
  3. make logical decision
  4. defend with oral reasons
140
Q

Livestock judging priorities

A
  1. muscle
  2. leanness
  3. structure
  4. rib/body
141
Q

Purpose of lactation

A

provide immune protection and nutrition to the young

142
Q

Colostrum

A

-immunity
-antibodies

143
Q

What is milk?

A

a fluid secreted by the mammary glands of females for the nourishment of their young

144
Q

Pasteurized

A

add heat to kill pathogens

145
Q

Homogenized

A

shake to mix fat globs

146
Q

Grade A

A

safe for human consumption

147
Q

What is essential for milk production?

A

-appropriate management
-nutrition
-comfort
-health

148
Q

Milk production is dependent on

A

-genetic potential
-environmental factors

149
Q

4 quarters=

A

1 udder

150
Q

Lobule

A

150-225 alveoli

151
Q

Alveolus

A

production unit

152
Q

Epithelial cells

A

synthesis and secretion of milk into lumen of alveoli

153
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

-cover surface of small ducts down within a lobule
-contraction for milk production

154
Q

400 units of blood

A

1 gallon

155
Q

5 stages of mammary development

A

-fetal
-prepubertal
-postpubertal
-pregnancy
-lactation

156
Q

Prolactin (initiation)

A

-stimulates milk secretion by epithelial cells

157
Q

Growth hormone

A

-maintains growth and lactation
-protein

158
Q

Oxytocin

A

smooth muscles to contract

159
Q

Average dairy cow in the US

A

-milked 2-3 times daily
-4-5 minutes
-10-12 months a year

160
Q

Breed

A

animals of common origin having characteristics that distinguish them from other groups of species

161
Q

Unique characteristics of a breed

A

color pattern, horned/polled, ear set, wool quality, body shape and size

162
Q

Crossbred

A

crossing 2 or more breeds, diverse within a species

163
Q

Heterosis

A

-(hybrid vigor)
-performance of offspring that is greater than the average of the parents

164
Q

Purebred

A

-recognized at a breed association
-“seedstock”

165
Q

Commercial

A

livestock not registered with a breed association

166
Q

Composite

A

a crossbred animal managed as a purebred

167
Q

Dual purpose

A

provide at least 2 kinds resources

168
Q

Purebred breeding system

A

no new breeds, no hybrid vigor

169
Q

Crossbred breeding system

A

new breeds, 100% hybrid vigor (crossbred females are kept for replacements)

170
Q

Terminal breeding system

A

new breeds, 100% hybrid vigor (offspring go to slaughter, are no replacements)

171
Q

2-breed

A

50% angus + 50% hereford

172
Q

3-breed

A

1/3 angus + 1/3 hereford + 1/3 shorthorn

173
Q

Terminal sire bred

A

more growthy and muscular

174
Q

Maternal animal

A

calves well, be a good mother

175
Q

Angus

A

-black or red
-good mothers
-easy calving
-easy crossbred

176
Q

Hereford

A

-red with white face
-very hardy
-good mothers

177
Q

Shorthorn

A

-red, white, roan
-heavier milking
-dual purpose (dairy and beef)

178
Q

Charolais

A

-white, cream
-fast growing, muscular
-popular in crossbred

179
Q

Gelbvieh

A

-red or black
-dual purpose
-heavy milking
-balancers (g x a)

180
Q

Limousin

A

-red or black
-lean
-Lim flex (limousin x angus)

181
Q

Simmental

A

-dulap
-multi purpose
-heavy milking

182
Q

Brahman

A

-4 indian breeds
-most muscular indian breed
-heat tolerant
-slower to reach puberty

183
Q

Brangus

A

-3/8 brahman, 5/8 angus
-black
-maternal

184
Q

Beefmaster

A

-in texas
-1/2 brahman, 1/4 hereford, 1/4 shorthorn
-hardy
-maternal

185
Q

We produce 25% of the worlds beef with

A

10% of the worlds cattle

186
Q

Wean at 550 lbs

A

weaned calf that is leaving ranch

187
Q

Yearling 800lb steer

A

walking into a ranch

188
Q

1,300-1,400lb fed steer

A

walking out of steer into slaughter

189
Q

When do cows calve?

A

march-april

190
Q

When do cows breed?

A

may-june

191
Q

When do cows wean?

A

september-october

192
Q

Ranching chracteristics

A
  1. requires a huge investment per cow
  2. high risk and variables are hard to control
  3. mostly relies on family labor
  4. barley profitable
  5. requires expertise
  6. requires long term commitment
  7. relies on off-ranch income
  8. not appealing to young people
193
Q

Seedstock segment goal

A

identify “elite” sires

194
Q

Consumer changes-sustainability

A
  1. environmental
  2. economic
  3. social
195
Q

Consumer changes-animal welfare

A

-cruelty acts
-traditional industry practices
-new tech

Animal Science 101 (3 decks)

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