Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Animal Science 101 > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is digestion?

A

the process by which food is converted to compounds that can be assimilated by the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is absorption?

A

the movement of the substances from the GI tract to the cells/blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ruminant stomach characteristics

A

-complex “stomach
-microbial digestion
-long digestive tract
-protein synthesis
-herbivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Monogastric stomach characterisitics

A

-simple stomach
-enzymatic digestion
-short digestive tract
-no protein synthesis
-carnivores/omnivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Rumen

A

-rumen papillae
-site of microbe fermentation
-release of volatile fatty acids
-increase surface area by rumination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Reticulum

A

-honeycomb
-traps large feed particles
-traps metal pieces
-“hardware” disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Omasum

A

-water regulation
-acts like a filter, squeezes water out of feed so it stays in the rumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Abomasum

A

-“true” stomach
-enzymes to digest feedstuffs
-breaks down protein into amino acids (absorbed in small intestine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Quality assurance

A

a program for the systematic monitoring and evaluation of various aspects of a project, service, or facility to ensure that standards of quality are being met

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Quality assurance examples in livestock production

A

-daily production practices
-consumer expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In order to meet and exceed consumer expectations we must have:

A

product integrity and eating satisfaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What types of things can be wrong with carcass?

A

bruising, bullet wounds, meet is a dark/purple color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Importance of livestock production

A

-generates a crop of offspring
-initiates lactation
-affected by genetics and environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are gonads?

A

sex glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do gonads produce?

A

-gametes (sex cells)
-sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the specific gonads?

A

ovaries and testicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a gamete?

A

haploid sex cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the specific gametes?

A

egg and sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do ovaries produce?

A

egg cells, estrogen, and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do testicles produce?

A

sperm cells, testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Estrus

A

heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Estrous cycle

A

period of time from one estrus to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anestrous

A

period of sexual inactivity (between estrus cycles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Puberty

A

age at which young become capable of reproducing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Fertilization

A

fusion of male and female gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Gestation

A

period of time in between conception and birth, (pregnant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Embryo

A

early stage of development (organs and structures), becomes a fetus at a certain age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Human vs Livestock

A

Humans: menstrual cycle, “concealed ovulation”, lack obvious signs

Livestock: regularly in heat, timing can be seasonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Short day breeders

A

conceive in fall, sheep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Long day breeders

A

conceive in spring, horses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Function of ovary

A

production of estrogen and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Function of oviduct

A

transport of egg and sperm, site of fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Function of uterus

A

sperm transport, regulation of corpus luteum, site of pregnancy, expulsion of fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Function of cervix

A

sperm transport, prevents uterine contamination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Vagina

A

birth canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

LOOK AT REPRO ORGAN DIAGRAMS

A

GO LOOK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

LOOK AT OVARIAN STRUCTRES DIAGRAM

A

GO LOOK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Follicle

A

ovulate egg (estrogen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

pregnancy (progesterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Why do bison and horses have a longer puberty cycle?

A

they are not food production animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Average gestation length for an ewe

A

147 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Average gestation length for a doe

A

150 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Average gestation length for a cow

A

285 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Average gestation length for a sow

A

114 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Luteal phase

A

-days 1-18
-progesterone from corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Follicular phase

A

-days 18-21
-estrogen from follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Estrogen is high when

A

ovulation occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Progesterone is high when

A

the corpus luteum is at its largest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the average estrous cycle for most animals?

A

21 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Timing of AI

A

-put sperm in about 12-24 hours after heat
-place it directly in uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Attempt at conception

A

-egg moves to oviduct
-fertilization with sperm
-CL releases progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

If no conception

A

-CL is killed about 15 days later by PG which is released from uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

If conception and pregnancy

A

-uterine implantation in 5 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

When is maternal recognition of pregnancy?

A

days 14-15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Placentation

A

-connects mother to fetus
-produces progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Caruncles

A

mother side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Cotyledons

A

fetus side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Prostaglandin tries to

A

kill off placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is the main activity cows do during estrus?

A

stand to be mounted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Before ovulation structure

A

the follicle: estradiol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

After ovulation structure

A

corpus luteum: progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

PGF2a is

A

prostate gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

How long is the estrus period (hours)?

A

8-16 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Secondary signs of heat

A

-swollen vulva
-alert and active
-more walking
-mucus discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Tail chalk is used to

A

see if the calf has been mounted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Kamar detectors are

A

less used because they can fall off and be expensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Anestrus

A

-female does not exhibit regular estrous cycles
-ovaries are inactive
-can be pregnant, seasonal, stress, lactational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

LOOK AT REPRO DIAGRAM OF UTERUS

A

GO LOOK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Estrous phase will not occur if

A

the cow is pregnant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

The corpus luteum

A

protrudes out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

The follicle

A

does not protrude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What angle to do AI?

A

45 degree angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

2 ways to diagnose pregnancy

A

-rectal palpation
-ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Why do pregnant cows arrive at slaughter?

A

-producers unaware
-health status
-poor production
-economic reasons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Causes of fetal loss

A

-chromosomal abnormalities
-stress
-nutrition
-infection
-toxic plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What can we do to minimize fetal loss?

A

-proper management
-vaccinations
-cleanliness
-minimize stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Characteristics of early gestation

A

-organ development
-formation of limbs
-placentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Characteristics of mid-gestation

A

-functionality of tissues
-peak placental growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Characteristics of late gestation

A

-peak fetal growth

80
Q

There is competition for nutrients between the

A

mother, fetus, placenta, mammary

81
Q

Genetics

A

study of inheritance and variation

82
Q

Animal breeding

A

application of knowledge of genetics to the improvement of animals

83
Q

Performance=

A

genetics + environment

84
Q

Transmittable

A

breeding value (progeny difference) (improved through selection)

85
Q

Creatable

A

gene combination value (improved through mating decisions)

86
Q

more complex P=

A

BV + GCV + E
(breeding) (produce better offspring) (environment)

87
Q

External factors on animal performance

A

-feeding and nutrition
-location
-climate and weather
-age

88
Q

Brisket disease

A

-heart is working hard to live at altitude
-pulmonary artery gets thick

89
Q

4 bases of DNA

A

A, T, C, G

90
Q

DNA determines the

A

structure of a protein

91
Q

Intron

A

does not contribute to protein sequence

92
Q

Exon

A

does contribute to protein sequence

93
Q

Gene expression

A

protein product

94
Q

Upregulation

A

healing process

95
Q

Downregulation

A

cancers downregulate to repair DNA

96
Q

Genotype

A

identifies the marker alleles an animal carries

97
Q

Single nucleotide polymorphism

A

-DNA sequence that occurs in a population
-effects performance

98
Q

Genomics

A

adds accuracy to our ability to select the “best” animals for breeding

99
Q

Direct selection

A

selection directly on the trait of interest

100
Q

Indirect selection

A

selecting on 1 trait to improve another

101
Q

Heritability

A

measure of the strength of the relationship between performance and breeding values for a trait in a population

102
Q

Performance

A

phenotypic value

103
Q

Breeding value

A

genetic value

104
Q

When heritability is low

A

an animals performance would not be a good indicator of their breeding value

105
Q

What are the 2 tools to improve animal populations

A

selection and mating

106
Q

Selection

A

which individuals become parents

107
Q

Mating

A

determines which males are bred to which females

108
Q

What are the 4 factors influencing rate of genetic improvement?

A

-selection intensity
-generation interval
-genetic variation
-accuracy of selection

109
Q

EPD

A

half of a breeding value

110
Q

the lower the EPD…

A

the better

111
Q

Stage 1 of parturition

A

-start of uterine contractions
-pressure against cervix
-ends with water sac and fetal parts out

112
Q

Stage 2 of parturition

A

-contractions
-ends with expulsion of fetus

113
Q

Stage 3 of parturition

A

-expulsion of fetal membranes (placenta)

114
Q

If contractions take too long

A

there is oxygen deprivation

115
Q

Fetal stress

A

-not enough room
-fetal cortisol
-bad weather

116
Q

P4

A

progesterone

117
Q

PGF2d

A

allows animal to cycle again

118
Q

relaxin

A

allows ligaments to stretch

119
Q

E2

120
Q

Dystocia

A

difficult birth (5-15%)

121
Q

Biggest reason for dystocia

A

excessive birth rate and malpresentation

122
Q

Epididymis

A

concentration, storage, transport

123
Q

Testicles

A

testosterone and sperm production

124
Q

Vas deferens

A

sperm transport

125
Q

Scrotum

A

support of testicles

126
Q

Accessory gland

A

addition of fluid volume, nutrients

127
Q

Penis

A

copulatory organ

128
Q

Bull sperm

A

head, mid piece, principle piece, end piece

129
Q

Sperm abnormalities

A

proximal droplet, bent tail, detached

130
Q

Semen

A

-fluid from testicles that contains sperm and seminal fluid
-discharged from via ejaculation

131
Q

Sperm

A

-haploid gamete
-developed is testicles

132
Q

Breeding soundness exam

A

physical exam, collect, evaluate sperm cells

133
Q

Physical exam

A

-structure
-scrotal circumference
-repro tract

134
Q

Evaluate sperm cells

A

-concentration
-motility
-morphology

135
Q

Options for inseminating semen

A
  1. natural insemination
  2. artificial insemination
136
Q

Pros and cons of AI

A

genetic improvement, labor

137
Q

Pros and cons of natural service

A

low cost, poor bulls

138
Q

What is livestock judging?

A

appraising an animals value for the purpose which they are produced (form and shape)

139
Q

4 steps to evaluate livestock

A
  1. develop an ideal image
  2. observe, evaluate, compare
  3. make logical decision
  4. defend with oral reasons
140
Q

Livestock judging priorities

A
  1. muscle
  2. leanness
  3. structure
  4. rib/body
141
Q

Purpose of lactation

A

provide immune protection and nutrition to the young

142
Q

Colostrum

A

-immunity
-antibodies

143
Q

What is milk?

A

a fluid secreted by the mammary glands of females for the nourishment of their young

144
Q

Pasteurized

A

add heat to kill pathogens

145
Q

Homogenized

A

shake to mix fat globs

146
Q

Grade A

A

safe for human consumption

147
Q

What is essential for milk production?

A

-appropriate management
-nutrition
-comfort
-health

148
Q

Milk production is dependent on

A

-genetic potential
-environmental factors

149
Q

4 quarters=

150
Q

Lobule

A

150-225 alveoli

151
Q

Alveolus

A

production unit

152
Q

Epithelial cells

A

synthesis and secretion of milk into lumen of alveoli

153
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

-cover surface of small ducts down within a lobule
-contraction for milk production

154
Q

400 units of blood

155
Q

5 stages of mammary development

A

-fetal
-prepubertal
-postpubertal
-pregnancy
-lactation

156
Q

Prolactin (initiation)

A

-stimulates milk secretion by epithelial cells

157
Q

Growth hormone

A

-maintains growth and lactation
-protein

158
Q

Oxytocin

A

smooth muscles to contract

159
Q

Average dairy cow in the US

A

-milked 2-3 times daily
-4-5 minutes
-10-12 months a year

160
Q

Breed

A

animals of common origin having characteristics that distinguish them from other groups of species

161
Q

Unique characteristics of a breed

A

color pattern, horned/polled, ear set, wool quality, body shape and size

162
Q

Crossbred

A

crossing 2 or more breeds, diverse within a species

163
Q

Heterosis

A

-(hybrid vigor)
-performance of offspring that is greater than the average of the parents

164
Q

Purebred

A

-recognized at a breed association
-“seedstock”

165
Q

Commercial

A

livestock not registered with a breed association

166
Q

Composite

A

a crossbred animal managed as a purebred

167
Q

Dual purpose

A

provide at least 2 kinds resources

168
Q

Purebred breeding system

A

no new breeds, no hybrid vigor

169
Q

Crossbred breeding system

A

new breeds, 100% hybrid vigor (crossbred females are kept for replacements)

170
Q

Terminal breeding system

A

new breeds, 100% hybrid vigor (offspring go to slaughter, are no replacements)

171
Q

2-breed

A

50% angus + 50% hereford

172
Q

3-breed

A

1/3 angus + 1/3 hereford + 1/3 shorthorn

173
Q

Terminal sire bred

A

more growthy and muscular

174
Q

Maternal animal

A

calves well, be a good mother

175
Q

Angus

A

-black or red
-good mothers
-easy calving
-easy crossbred

176
Q

Hereford

A

-red with white face
-very hardy
-good mothers

177
Q

Shorthorn

A

-red, white, roan
-heavier milking
-dual purpose (dairy and beef)

178
Q

Charolais

A

-white, cream
-fast growing, muscular
-popular in crossbred

179
Q

Gelbvieh

A

-red or black
-dual purpose
-heavy milking
-balancers (g x a)

180
Q

Limousin

A

-red or black
-lean
-Lim flex (limousin x angus)

181
Q

Simmental

A

-dulap
-multi purpose
-heavy milking

182
Q

Brahman

A

-4 indian breeds
-most muscular indian breed
-heat tolerant
-slower to reach puberty

183
Q

Brangus

A

-3/8 brahman, 5/8 angus
-black
-maternal

184
Q

Beefmaster

A

-in texas
-1/2 brahman, 1/4 hereford, 1/4 shorthorn
-hardy
-maternal

185
Q

We produce 25% of the worlds beef with

A

10% of the worlds cattle

186
Q

Wean at 550 lbs

A

weaned calf that is leaving ranch

187
Q

Yearling 800lb steer

A

walking into a ranch

188
Q

1,300-1,400lb fed steer

A

walking out of steer into slaughter

189
Q

When do cows calve?

A

march-april

190
Q

When do cows breed?

191
Q

When do cows wean?

A

september-october

192
Q

Ranching chracteristics

A
  1. requires a huge investment per cow
  2. high risk and variables are hard to control
  3. mostly relies on family labor
  4. barley profitable
  5. requires expertise
  6. requires long term commitment
  7. relies on off-ranch income
  8. not appealing to young people
193
Q

Seedstock segment goal

A

identify “elite” sires

194
Q

Consumer changes-sustainability

A
  1. environmental
  2. economic
  3. social
195
Q

Consumer changes-animal welfare

A

-cruelty acts
-traditional industry practices
-new tech

Animal Science 101 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions