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Animal Science 101 > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is animal science?

A

the study of animal nutrition, physiology, genetics, health, behavior, products and production systems

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2
Q

Where are cattle?

A

Brazil, India, US

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3
Q

Where are sheep?

A

China, Australia, India

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4
Q

Where are goats?

A

China, India, Nigeria

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5
Q

Ruminant

A

even toed (2 toes) mammal that chews the cud regurgitates from its rumen (eat forages)

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6
Q

Ruminates

A

bringing the cud back up

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7
Q

What gases do ruminants release?

A

methane and CO2 (contributes to greenhouse gases)

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8
Q

Where are chickens?

A

China, Indonesia, US

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9
Q

Where are swine?

A

China, US, Brazil

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10
Q

Where are turkeys?

A

US, Brazil, Chile

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11
Q

Calories from animal products:

A

-18% calories
-40% protein
-45% fat

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12
Q

Who eats meat the most?

A

US, South America, Australia

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13
Q

Protein ladder

A
  1. Beef and lamb
  2. Pork
  3. Chicken
  4. Fish
  5. Beans
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14
Q

As the economy grows,

A

the amount of meat eaten grows

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15
Q

What are the 2 reasons why global per capita meat consumption is increasing?

A
  1. increased wealth
  2. increased population
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16
Q

What is ethics?

A

a set of principles/beliefs that governs what is right and wrong, good and bad, fair and unfair

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17
Q

Ethics are influenced by:

A

convictions, values, norms, knowledge, interests

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18
Q

Utilitarian view

A

maximize good outcomes

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19
Q

Contractarian view

A

we can use animals to our benefit no matter the outcome

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20
Q

Animal rights view

A

should not use animals solely to benefit us

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21
Q

Relational view

A

relationships with individuals guide decisions

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22
Q

Respect for nature view

A

consider what is and what is not natural

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23
Q

Annual US slaughter

A
  1. chicken
  2. pork
  3. beef
  4. turkey
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24
Q

Beef cattle industry

A

-most of the beef cows are in the “beef belt”

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25
Q

Dairy cattle industry

A

-drier, more populated areas (milk and cheese won’t last)

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26
Q

pre-weaned dairy calf

A

a young calf that consumes milk as part of their diet

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27
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

neck up (headaches)

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28
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

neck down (coughing)

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29
Q

Why should we care about calf health?

A

welfare, profit, production

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30
Q

Scours

A

diarrhea in pre-weaned calves (57% of calf deaths), watery, dehydration, lethargy

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31
Q

respiratory disease in pre-weaned calves

A

risk of culling and dystocia, decreased milk production (1,200 lbs)

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32
Q

How does illness affect animal welfare?

A

affective state, bio function, natural living

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33
Q

What are some stressors that may lead an animal to become ill?

A

germs, close proximity to other animals, housing, fluctuation in temp

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34
Q

Many pathogens are

A

endemic

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35
Q

Immune systems of calves are:

A

-less responsive than adults
-naiive
-easily overwhelmed by bacteria, viruses, parasites

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36
Q

Disease progression

A

stressor, weakened immune system, pathogens replicate in GI, damage to intestines, excess water in feces

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37
Q

BRD

A

bovine respiratory disease

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38
Q

What does a calf look like with BRD?

A

fever, lethargy, cough, discharge, ear droop

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39
Q

What aspects of calf nutrition help prevent disease?

A

colostrum, vitamins, minerals, consistency of feeding times

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40
Q

What aspects of cleanliness help prevent disease?

A

clean bottles, clean bedding, sanitation, ventilation

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41
Q

Non infectious disease

A

microorganisms are NOT involved

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42
Q

Mechanical route

A

wounds (route for pathogenic invasion)

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43
Q

Digestive route

A

bloat (gas), acidosis (low pH)

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44
Q

Toxins route

A

chemicals or plants (nightshade, weed)

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45
Q

Nutritional deficiency/toxicity route

A

vitamin, mineral issues

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46
Q

Abnormal growth route

A

cancers, abscess

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47
Q

Infectious disease

A

a disease that is caused by a pathogen

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48
Q

pathogen

A

bacteria, virus, or another microorganism that causes disease

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49
Q

contagious disease

A

can be spread rapidly from one animal to another

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50
Q

Viral route

A

-(vaccines)
-reproduces inside host
-COVID

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51
Q

Bacterial route

A

-(antibiotics)
-microscopic, single celled
-causes damage via production of toxins
-UNDER COOKED CHICKEN

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52
Q

Protozoal route

A

-single celled, microscopic cells
-larger than bacteria
-CRYPTO

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53
Q

Fungi route

A

-single/multiple celled low order plants
-RINGWORM

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54
Q

Spread of infectious disease

A

-contact with other animals
-contaminated water
-ingesting infected feces
-vectors (mosquitos, birds)
-airborne (anthrax)
-contaminated equipment

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55
Q

Natural immunity

A

-present at birth

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56
Q

Acquired immunity

A

-action of white blood cells
-occurs after antigens
-vaccines work with this form of immunity

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57
Q

What are growth promotants?

A

used to help increase efficiency of animal production by increasing weight gain and product output

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58
Q

Cattle numbers have gone down,

A

beef production has gone up

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59
Q

Hormonal implants

A

-steroidal hormones
-increases average daily gain
-increases protein deposition
-decrease marbling and fat

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60
Q

Where are hormonal implants placed?

A

middle third on the back side of the ear, between the skin and cartilage (easy access)

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61
Q

Beta agonists

A

-used to treat asthma, obesity, and diabetes in humans
-feed additive
-beta adrenergic receptors
-increases average daily efficiency

62
Q

Repartitioning agent

A

directs nutrients away from fat synthesis to muscle disposition

63
Q

Benefits of meat in the diet

A

excellent source of protein, B-vitamins, high protein-low carbs (glycemic index), micronutrients

64
Q

Meat is made of

A

water, protein, lipids, vitamins, carbs, minerals

65
Q

Tissues in meat

A

muscle, adipose, connective, nervous, epithelial

66
Q

Meat color

A

-as the animal ages, the myoglobin goes up
-myoglobin is similar to hemoglobin

67
Q

Meat flavor origin

A

from the lean (amino acids)

68
Q

Species flavor origin

A

from the fat (various fatty acid profiles)

69
Q

Meat taste

A

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami

70
Q

Meat smell

A

volatile compounds

71
Q

Rate impacts

A

composition

72
Q

Lots of fetal growth in the last

A

3 months of pregnancy

73
Q

Calves gain

A

1-1.5 lbs per day until puberty

74
Q

What are animals made of? (basic)

A

bone, lipids, muscle, water (mostly)

75
Q

4 types of fat

A

-KPH
-Intermuscular
-Subcutaneous
-Intramuscular

76
Q

KPH

A

kidney, pelvic, heart

77
Q

Intermuscular

A

-seam
-fat between the muscle (interstate)

78
Q

Subcutaneous

A

shots between the skin and fat

79
Q

Intramuscular

A

shots into the muscle

80
Q

The US has the most efficient

A

meat production

81
Q

Food comes from where there is

A

excess land

82
Q

Global meat exporters

A

US, Brazil, Europe, Canada

83
Q

Global meat importers

A

China, Japan, Mexico, US

84
Q

Oral administration

A

-slower absorption
-longer lasting
-greater dose required
-liquid (drench)
-solid (bolus)

85
Q

Intravenous injection

A

-into the vein
-fastest effect
-shortest impact

86
Q

Intraperitoneal injection

A

-into the gut
-rapid absorption

87
Q

Intramuscular injection

A

-into the muscle
-rapid absorption
-give in neck so no damage to muscle

88
Q

Subcutaneous injection

A

-most vaccines
-under the skin
-slower absorption than IM

89
Q

Intradermal injection

A

-into the skin
-rarely used (accidental)

90
Q

What to avoid in a subcutaneous injection

A

-spinal column
-shoulder
-jugular furrow
-nuchal ligament

91
Q

Inhalation

A

-some vaccines
-intranasal

92
Q

Topical

A

-applied on skin
-applied on a mucosal membrane
-typical for de wormers

93
Q

Antimicrobials

A

bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal

94
Q

Pharmaceuticals

A

-used in disease treatment
-feed additives
-pesticides

95
Q

Where is the animal blind spot?

A

behind the butt

96
Q

Signs of fearful stressed animals

A

-eyes white in cattle
-vocalization during handling in cattle and pigs
-tails switching on cattle
-pooping in cattle

97
Q

How long does it take for animals to calm down?

A

20 minutes

98
Q

Distractions that cause balking and refusal to move

A

-shadows and contrasts of light and dark
-reflections on metal or water
-seeing people up ahead
-moving objects
-air blowing on their faces
-coat hung on fence

99
Q

Other distractions that cause balking

A

-objects on ground
-drain grates
-changes in flooring type
-dripping water
-dangling chains
-turning fan blades

100
Q

Experiment to reduce balking:

A

-a portable electric light on a long cord
-lots of cardboard
-duct tape and other things to fasten cardboard

101
Q

Animals tend to

A

go towards the light

102
Q

Get rid of:

A

-electric prod
-yelling and screaming
(use a flag instead)

103
Q

Natural livestock behavior for all species

A

-flight zone
-pressure zone
-point of balance
-natural following behavior
-go back where they came from

104
Q

Flight zone

A

animals move away

105
Q

Pressure zone

A

animals turn and face a person

106
Q

Point of balance

A

shoulder

107
Q

Natural following behavior

A

learn to time small bunches of cattle and pigs

108
Q

Calm animals will have a smaller

A

flight zone

109
Q

Tame animals will have

A

no flight zone

110
Q

Point of balance principles

A

-at the shoulder when handler is close
-past the eye when handler is further away
-to make the animal move forward, the handler must be behind the point of balance

111
Q

Bring a small amount of

A

animals through the chute (sheep exception)

112
Q

All cattle should be able to lay down in

A

feedlot pens

113
Q

Right flooring

A

foot fits between cleats (8 inches)

114
Q

Wrong flooring

A

foot on top of cleats and foot slips between cleats

115
Q

Lameness scoring for animals

A
  1. Normal
  2. Obvious limp-keep up with walking group
  3. Obvious limp- lags behind walking group
  4. Almost a downer
116
Q

Animal handling problems at farm

A

-lame animals
-animals fed too much beta-agonist
-crazy pigs
-dogs make cattle kick
-high flight zone

117
Q

What is nutrition?

A

numerous chemical reactions and physiological processes which transform food into body tissues and activities

118
Q

Nutrition involves:

A

-ingestion, digestion, and absorption of nutrients
-transport of nutrients to body cells
-removal of waste

119
Q

Why study nutrition?

A

nutrition influences overall health of the animal

120
Q

What do animals eat?

A
  1. primarily plants
  2. plants (photosynthesis)
  3. plant and animals (similar chemical composition
121
Q

Plants require a large number of inorganics

A

ammonia, nitrate, CO2, minerals

122
Q

Animals require many pre formed compounds

A

from feed, microbial processes

123
Q

Essential nutrients

A

cannot be made, needed in the diet

124
Q

Classes of nutrients

A
  1. water
  2. carbs (energy)
  3. fats (energy)
  4. proteins
  5. minerals
  6. vitamins
124
Q

Non-essential nutrients

A

can be made, not needed in diet

125
Q

Functions of nutrients

A
  1. structure
  2. energy
  3. regulation
  4. production
126
Q

Components of feed

A

-minerals
-protein
-carbs and fat

127
Q

Energy partitioning by a cow

A
  1. basal metabolism
  2. activity
  3. growth
  4. energy reserve (basic)
  5. pregnancy
  6. lactation
  7. energy reserve (additional)
  8. estrous cycle and pregnancy initiation
  9. energy reserve (excess)
128
Q

BCS

A

body condition score (1-9)

129
Q

Simple stomach system

A

-pigs and horses
-monogastric

130
Q

Complex stomach system

A

-cattle and sheep
-ruminant

131
Q

Digestive tract of pig

A

salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum

132
Q

Digestive tract of poultry

A

beak, esophagus, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, spleen, liver, gall bladder, duodenum, pancreas, large intestine, ceca, cloaca, vent

133
Q

What do monogastrics eat

A

corn and soybean meal

134
Q

Ruminant digestive tract

A

mouth, esophagus, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, large intestine, cecum

135
Q

Volatile fatty acids produced

A

acetate, propionate, butyrate

136
Q

Eructation

A

belching of gases, produced by the fermentation process (bloat)

137
Q

Rumen

A

-rumen papillae
-roles: very large, wet feeds, fermentation site, release volatile fatty acids

138
Q

Reticulum

A

-honeycomb
-roles: very small, traps feed particles for regurgitation

139
Q

Omasum

A

-water regulation
-roles: acts like a filter, squeeze water out of feed

140
Q

Abomasum

A
  • true stomach
    -roles: final compartment (low pH) has enzymes to digest and break down amino acids
141
Q

Protein

A

-CHON
-25 amino acids
-muscle and enzymes
-only one that contains nitrogen

142
Q

Carbs

A

-CHO
-energy for growth
-starches, sugar, cellulose
-feeds

143
Q

Fats

A

-CHO (lots of H)
-lipids
-high energy
-feeds

144
Q

Minerals

A

-macro and micro
-small amounts

145
Q

Vitamins

A

-small amounts
-fat soluble (ADEK)
-water soluble (BC)

146
Q

Water

A

-metabolism and energy
-temp regulation
-nutrient transport

147
Q

Active immunity

A

animals own immune system produces antibodies

148
Q

Passive immunity

A

antibodies from colostrum

149
Q

Killed vaccine

A

-dead organisms
-no replication

150
Q

Modified live vaccine

A

-antigen replication occurs
-more effective

Animal Science 101 (2 decks)

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