Exam #1 Flashcards
What is animal science?
the study of animal nutrition, physiology, genetics, health, behavior, products and production systems
Where are cattle?
Brazil, India, US
Where are sheep?
China, Australia, India
Where are goats?
China, India, Nigeria
Ruminant
even toed (2 toes) mammal that chews the cud regurgitates from its rumen (eat forages)
Ruminates
bringing the cud back up
What gases do ruminants release?
methane and CO2 (contributes to greenhouse gases)
Where are chickens?
China, Indonesia, US
Where are swine?
China, US, Brazil
Where are turkeys?
US, Brazil, Chile
Calories from animal products:
-18% calories
-40% protein
-45% fat
Who eats meat the most?
US, South America, Australia
Protein ladder
- Beef and lamb
- Pork
- Chicken
- Fish
- Beans
As the economy grows,
the amount of meat eaten grows
What are the 2 reasons why global per capita meat consumption is increasing?
- increased wealth
- increased population
What is ethics?
a set of principles/beliefs that governs what is right and wrong, good and bad, fair and unfair
Ethics are influenced by:
convictions, values, norms, knowledge, interests
Utilitarian view
maximize good outcomes
Contractarian view
we can use animals to our benefit no matter the outcome
Animal rights view
should not use animals solely to benefit us
Relational view
relationships with individuals guide decisions
Respect for nature view
consider what is and what is not natural
Annual US slaughter
- chicken
- pork
- beef
- turkey
Beef cattle industry
-most of the beef cows are in the “beef belt”
Dairy cattle industry
-drier, more populated areas (milk and cheese won’t last)
pre-weaned dairy calf
a young calf that consumes milk as part of their diet
upper respiratory tract
neck up (headaches)
lower respiratory tract
neck down (coughing)
Why should we care about calf health?
welfare, profit, production
Scours
diarrhea in pre-weaned calves (57% of calf deaths), watery, dehydration, lethargy
respiratory disease in pre-weaned calves
risk of culling and dystocia, decreased milk production (1,200 lbs)
How does illness affect animal welfare?
affective state, bio function, natural living
What are some stressors that may lead an animal to become ill?
germs, close proximity to other animals, housing, fluctuation in temp
Many pathogens are
endemic
Immune systems of calves are:
-less responsive than adults
-naiive
-easily overwhelmed by bacteria, viruses, parasites
Disease progression
stressor, weakened immune system, pathogens replicate in GI, damage to intestines, excess water in feces
BRD
bovine respiratory disease
What does a calf look like with BRD?
fever, lethargy, cough, discharge, ear droop
What aspects of calf nutrition help prevent disease?
colostrum, vitamins, minerals, consistency of feeding times
What aspects of cleanliness help prevent disease?
clean bottles, clean bedding, sanitation, ventilation
Non infectious disease
microorganisms are NOT involved
Mechanical route
wounds (route for pathogenic invasion)
Digestive route
bloat (gas), acidosis (low pH)
Toxins route
chemicals or plants (nightshade, weed)
Nutritional deficiency/toxicity route
vitamin, mineral issues
Abnormal growth route
cancers, abscess
Infectious disease
a disease that is caused by a pathogen
pathogen
bacteria, virus, or another microorganism that causes disease
contagious disease
can be spread rapidly from one animal to another
Viral route
-(vaccines)
-reproduces inside host
-COVID
Bacterial route
-(antibiotics)
-microscopic, single celled
-causes damage via production of toxins
-UNDER COOKED CHICKEN
Protozoal route
-single celled, microscopic cells
-larger than bacteria
-CRYPTO
Fungi route
-single/multiple celled low order plants
-RINGWORM
Spread of infectious disease
-contact with other animals
-contaminated water
-ingesting infected feces
-vectors (mosquitos, birds)
-airborne (anthrax)
-contaminated equipment
Natural immunity
-present at birth
Acquired immunity
-action of white blood cells
-occurs after antigens
-vaccines work with this form of immunity
What are growth promotants?
used to help increase efficiency of animal production by increasing weight gain and product output
Cattle numbers have gone down,
beef production has gone up
Hormonal implants
-steroidal hormones
-increases average daily gain
-increases protein deposition
-decrease marbling and fat
Where are hormonal implants placed?
middle third on the back side of the ear, between the skin and cartilage (easy access)
Beta agonists
-used to treat asthma, obesity, and diabetes in humans
-feed additive
-beta adrenergic receptors
-increases average daily efficiency
Repartitioning agent
directs nutrients away from fat synthesis to muscle disposition
Benefits of meat in the diet
excellent source of protein, B-vitamins, high protein-low carbs (glycemic index), micronutrients
Meat is made of
water, protein, lipids, vitamins, carbs, minerals
Tissues in meat
muscle, adipose, connective, nervous, epithelial
Meat color
-as the animal ages, the myoglobin goes up
-myoglobin is similar to hemoglobin
Meat flavor origin
from the lean (amino acids)
Species flavor origin
from the fat (various fatty acid profiles)
Meat taste
sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami
Meat smell
volatile compounds
Rate impacts
composition
Lots of fetal growth in the last
3 months of pregnancy
Calves gain
1-1.5 lbs per day until puberty
What are animals made of? (basic)
bone, lipids, muscle, water (mostly)
4 types of fat
-KPH
-Intermuscular
-Subcutaneous
-Intramuscular
KPH
kidney, pelvic, heart
Intermuscular
-seam
-fat between the muscle (interstate)
Subcutaneous
shots between the skin and fat
Intramuscular
shots into the muscle
The US has the most efficient
meat production
Food comes from where there is
excess land
Global meat exporters
US, Brazil, Europe, Canada
Global meat importers
China, Japan, Mexico, US
Oral administration
-slower absorption
-longer lasting
-greater dose required
-liquid (drench)
-solid (bolus)
Intravenous injection
-into the vein
-fastest effect
-shortest impact
Intraperitoneal injection
-into the gut
-rapid absorption
Intramuscular injection
-into the muscle
-rapid absorption
-give in neck so no damage to muscle
Subcutaneous injection
-most vaccines
-under the skin
-slower absorption than IM
Intradermal injection
-into the skin
-rarely used (accidental)
What to avoid in a subcutaneous injection
-spinal column
-shoulder
-jugular furrow
-nuchal ligament
Inhalation
-some vaccines
-intranasal
Topical
-applied on skin
-applied on a mucosal membrane
-typical for de wormers
Antimicrobials
bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal
Pharmaceuticals
-used in disease treatment
-feed additives
-pesticides
Where is the animal blind spot?
behind the butt
Signs of fearful stressed animals
-eyes white in cattle
-vocalization during handling in cattle and pigs
-tails switching on cattle
-pooping in cattle
How long does it take for animals to calm down?
20 minutes
Distractions that cause balking and refusal to move
-shadows and contrasts of light and dark
-reflections on metal or water
-seeing people up ahead
-moving objects
-air blowing on their faces
-coat hung on fence
Other distractions that cause balking
-objects on ground
-drain grates
-changes in flooring type
-dripping water
-dangling chains
-turning fan blades
Experiment to reduce balking:
-a portable electric light on a long cord
-lots of cardboard
-duct tape and other things to fasten cardboard
Animals tend to
go towards the light
Get rid of:
-electric prod
-yelling and screaming
(use a flag instead)
Natural livestock behavior for all species
-flight zone
-pressure zone
-point of balance
-natural following behavior
-go back where they came from
Flight zone
animals move away
Pressure zone
animals turn and face a person
Point of balance
shoulder
Natural following behavior
learn to time small bunches of cattle and pigs
Calm animals will have a smaller
flight zone
Tame animals will have
no flight zone
Point of balance principles
-at the shoulder when handler is close
-past the eye when handler is further away
-to make the animal move forward, the handler must be behind the point of balance
Bring a small amount of
animals through the chute (sheep exception)
All cattle should be able to lay down in
feedlot pens
Right flooring
foot fits between cleats (8 inches)
Wrong flooring
foot on top of cleats and foot slips between cleats
Lameness scoring for animals
- Normal
- Obvious limp-keep up with walking group
- Obvious limp- lags behind walking group
- Almost a downer
Animal handling problems at farm
-lame animals
-animals fed too much beta-agonist
-crazy pigs
-dogs make cattle kick
-high flight zone
What is nutrition?
numerous chemical reactions and physiological processes which transform food into body tissues and activities
Nutrition involves:
-ingestion, digestion, and absorption of nutrients
-transport of nutrients to body cells
-removal of waste
Why study nutrition?
nutrition influences overall health of the animal
What do animals eat?
- primarily plants
- plants (photosynthesis)
- plant and animals (similar chemical composition
Plants require a large number of inorganics
ammonia, nitrate, CO2, minerals
Animals require many pre formed compounds
from feed, microbial processes
Essential nutrients
cannot be made, needed in the diet
Classes of nutrients
- water
- carbs (energy)
- fats (energy)
- proteins
- minerals
- vitamins
Non-essential nutrients
can be made, not needed in diet
Functions of nutrients
- structure
- energy
- regulation
- production
Components of feed
-minerals
-protein
-carbs and fat
Energy partitioning by a cow
- basal metabolism
- activity
- growth
- energy reserve (basic)
- pregnancy
- lactation
- energy reserve (additional)
- estrous cycle and pregnancy initiation
- energy reserve (excess)
BCS
body condition score (1-9)
Simple stomach system
-pigs and horses
-monogastric
Complex stomach system
-cattle and sheep
-ruminant
Digestive tract of pig
salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
Digestive tract of poultry
beak, esophagus, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, spleen, liver, gall bladder, duodenum, pancreas, large intestine, ceca, cloaca, vent
What do monogastrics eat
corn and soybean meal
Ruminant digestive tract
mouth, esophagus, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, large intestine, cecum
Volatile fatty acids produced
acetate, propionate, butyrate
Eructation
belching of gases, produced by the fermentation process (bloat)
Rumen
-rumen papillae
-roles: very large, wet feeds, fermentation site, release volatile fatty acids
Reticulum
-honeycomb
-roles: very small, traps feed particles for regurgitation
Omasum
-water regulation
-roles: acts like a filter, squeeze water out of feed
Abomasum
- true stomach
-roles: final compartment (low pH) has enzymes to digest and break down amino acids
Protein
-CHON
-25 amino acids
-muscle and enzymes
-only one that contains nitrogen
Carbs
-CHO
-energy for growth
-starches, sugar, cellulose
-feeds
Fats
-CHO (lots of H)
-lipids
-high energy
-feeds
Minerals
-macro and micro
-small amounts
Vitamins
-small amounts
-fat soluble (ADEK)
-water soluble (BC)
Water
-metabolism and energy
-temp regulation
-nutrient transport
Active immunity
animals own immune system produces antibodies
Passive immunity
antibodies from colostrum
Killed vaccine
-dead organisms
-no replication
Modified live vaccine
-antigen replication occurs
-more effective
