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Physiology > Exam 3 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Exam 3 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What type of hormone is Vitamin D?

A

steroid

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2
Q

What is the second step in steroid synthesis?

A

pregnenolone

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3
Q

What are the 3 primary classes of steroid hormone?

A
  • mineralocorticoids
  • glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • sex hormones (chiefly androgens)
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4
Q

Where are steroid hormones produced?

A
  • synthetic enzymes are in mitochondria and SER
  • chiefly in gonads and adrenal cortex
  • but may also be produced in adipose tissue, liver, and skin
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5
Q

All peptides are unbound except-

A

IGF and about 1/3 of GH

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6
Q

What hormones use the PKA pathway?

A
  • Pituitary hormones (ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH)
  • catecholamines
  • Glucagon
  • Calcitonin
  • PTH
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7
Q

What hormones use the PLC pathway?

A
  • Hypothalamic hormones (TRH, GnRh, oxytocin, ADH)

- Catecholamines

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8
Q

What is the 2nd messenger in the PLC pathway?

A
  • IP3

- then calcium

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9
Q

In the PLC pathway, ___ triggers release of calcium from the ____.

A

IP3; ER (or mitochondria in the anterior pituitary)

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10
Q

List the sequence of molecules activated in the PKA pathway before phosphorylation cascade.

A

1) receptor
2) G-alpha-s subunit
3) adenylate cyclase
4) cAMP
5) Protein kinase A

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11
Q

List the sequence of molecules activated in the PLC pathway before the release of calcium.

A
  • receptor
  • g protein subunit
  • Phospholipase C
  • IP3
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12
Q

Kinases phosphorylate proteins at which amino acids?

A
  • serine
  • threonine
  • tyrosine
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13
Q

What are 3 ways kinases can be activated?

A
  • hormones if receptor is also a kinase
  • second messengers
  • other kinases (cascades)
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14
Q

What is a response element?

A

specific regions of DNA that proteins bind to modify transcription

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15
Q

Which hormones use the tyrosine kinase signaling pathway?

A
  • most growth factors e.g. IGF and epidermal growth factor (EGF)
  • GH and insulin use a variant
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16
Q

What is the pathway of hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary?

A

ventral hypothalamus> parvocellular neurons> hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system>endocrine cells of anterior pituitary

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17
Q

What is the pathway of hypothalamic hormones to the posterior pituitary?

A

hypothalamic nuclei> magnocellular neurons> hypothalamic hypophyseal tract

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18
Q

What hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary?

A
  • TSH
  • FSH
  • GH
  • ACTH
  • prolactin
  • LH
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19
Q

CRH stands for

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone

20
Q

TRH stands for

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

21
Q

GnRH stands for

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

22
Q

PRF and PIH stand for

A
  • prolactin-releasing factor

- prolactin-inhibiting hormone

23
Q

What is the abbreviation for prolactin?

A

PRL

24
Q

Name all the hypothalamic hormones.

A
  • GnRH
  • GH-RH
  • GH-IH
  • PRF
  • PIH
  • TRH
  • CRH
25
Q

Name the primary hormones.

A
  • androgens
  • estrogens, progesterone
  • cortisol
  • thyroid hormones
  • IGFs
26
Q

what is somatostatin?

A

GH-IH

27
Q

What is somatotropin?

A

GH-RH

28
Q

What is somatomedin?

A

IGF-1

29
Q

What processes does growth hormone upregulate?

A
  • fat oxidation and lipolysis
  • gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis
  • insulin resistance
  • insulin secretion in the pancreas
30
Q

What processes does growth hormone downregulate?

A
  • glucose uptake from muscle and fat

- lipogenesis in fat

31
Q

What pathway does growth hormone use?

A

tyrosine kinase pathway

32
Q

In terms of feedback, what will happen if IGF levels are elevated?

A

GH-IH levels will increase, in turn lowering GH levels

33
Q

What are two potential meanings of elevated TSH levels?

A
  • thyroid hormone level could be is low (hypothyroidism)

- less commonly, TRH levels are high

34
Q

What hormone classification are thyroid hormones? Are they hydrophilic or lipophilic? How do they enter the cell and where do they bind?

A
  • they are amines
  • they are lipophilic
  • they use a transporter
  • they bind to nuclear receptors
35
Q

What is the function of CREB signaling pathways?

A

regulate transcription

36
Q

What pathway enduces exocytosis of TSH?

A

PLC

37
Q

What pathway enduces synthesis of T3 and T4?

A

PKA

38
Q

What is the difference between Tg and TBG?

A
  • Tg is precursor for T3 and T4

- TBG binds t3 and T4

39
Q

Thyroid receptors heterodimerize with-

A

retinoic acid receptors (RXR)

40
Q

What are the manifestations of hypothyroidism?

A
  • Hair loss
  • Goiter
  • reduced HR
  • constipation
41
Q

What are the manifestations of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Hair loss
  • bulging eyes
  • Goiter
  • palpitations
  • diarrhea
42
Q

What is the pathway for iodine from the blood to the pendrin transporter?

A
  • “trapping” by sodium-dependent transporter into follicle cell
  • “activation” of iodine molecule and transepthelial diffusion to pendrin
43
Q

In TH synthesis, what happens in the colloid once iodine enters?

A
  • Organification: thyroperoxidase (TPO) attaches iodine to Tg by means of H202 forming regions of 3 (MIT) & 4 (DIT) iodides
  • Modified Tg gets endocytosed back into follicle cell by pendrin transporter
44
Q

What happens once modified Tg is transported back into follicle cell from colloid?

A
  • lysozyme cleaves it into 6 molecules of T3 or T4 (variable combination)
  • T3 and T4 released into general circulation, bound to TBG or albumin
45
Q

Which hormones cannot use PLC or PKA pathway?

A

steroids, but some can use CREB

Physiology (10 decks)

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