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Physiology > Cellular Physiology > Flashcards

Cellular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 60-40-20 rule?

A
  • total body water makes up 60% of body’s volume (40 L)
  • 40% (2/3) of total body water is ICF (25 L)
  • 20% (1/3) of total body water is ECF (15 L)
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2
Q

What cellular components are NOT organelles?

A
  • free ribosomes
  • nucleolus
  • cytoskeletal filaments
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3
Q

Describe the Krebs cycle.

A
  • occurs in mitochondria

- generates NADH and FADH that carry electrons to inner mitochondrial membrane

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4
Q

What are the 6 functional categories of membrane proteins?

A
  • transporters
  • adhesion molecules
  • ligand receptors
  • surface antigens
  • enzymes
  • ion channels
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5
Q

What is cell anaplasia?

A
  • de-differentiation
  • cells lose identity and revert to stem cells
  • usually not reversible
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6
Q

Describe what happens in complex II of the electron transport chain (likely won’t be on test).

A
  • FADH deposits 2 electrons
  • Electrons pass through redox centers, energy released but is not used by complex II
  • electrons are passed down and go to coenzyme Q
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7
Q

What is the cell membrane made up of? How does protein compare to lipid composition?

A
  • amphipathic phospholipids with polar head group and 2 fatty acid tails
  • membrane proteins
  • cholesterol (gives cell it’s rigidity and thermal properties)
  • membrane proteins and phospholipids may be glycosolated (glycoproteins and glycolipids)
  • contains proteins and lipids in equal mass, but lipids usually ~50 X more abundant. Depends on cell/tissue
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8
Q

What is included in the endomembrane system?

A

Nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi body

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9
Q

What is cell neoplasia?

A
  • Malignancy

- usually a consequence of dysplasia or anaplasia

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9
Q

What can passively diffuse through the cell membrane?

A
  • small, hydrophobic molecules and diatomic gases (e.g. ethanol, O2, N2, CO2)
  • small, uncharged polar molecules (e.g. indole, glycerol or fatty acids)
  • anything with a high partition coefficient
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9
Q

What is Fick’s Law?

A

The rate of diffusion across the plasma membrane is

  • directly proportional to concentration gradient and membrane surface area
  • Inversely proportional to membrane resistance and membrane thickness
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10
Q

How is total body water influenced by age and sex/bodyfat?

A
  • inversely proportional to age and body fat

- body fat has greater affect

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14
Q

Describe what happens in complex III of electron transport chain (will likely not be on test).

A
  • one electron passes through redox centers before reaching cytochrome c
  • cytochrome c carries electron to complex IV, where ETC ends
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15
Q

Describe the cytoskeleton and why it is important to the cell.

A
  • dynamic
  • microtubules, actin (microfilaments), and intermediate filaments
  • involved in intracellular transport of vesicles, give cell shape and organization
  • critical for cell integrity and cell division
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16
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum function

A
  • part of the endomembrane system essential for post-translational processing of proteins (folding, transport)
  • rough (granular) ER has ribosomes attached to membrane
  • smooth ER is important in lipid synthesis
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18
Q

What is the structure and function of mitochondria?

A
  • double membraned organelle
  • outer mitochondrial membrane contains multiple porins, channels, and enzymes
  • inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable and contains ATP synthase and complexes I-IV. Has convulsions called cristae
  • region bound by inner mt membrane is called the matrix
  • contains mtDNA
  • site of aerobic cellular respiration (ATP synthesis) via the Kreb’s cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
  • stores calcium
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18
Q

What is the location, structure and function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A
  • located near the endoplasmic reticulum

- consists of flattened sacs (cisternae) that further process and package proteins (and some lipids)

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19
Q

ECF is composed of plasma and ISF. Where is ISF found? What percent of ECF and body weight does each make up and what separates them from each other?

A
  • ISF bathes cells outside the vascular system, as well as bone and connective tissue.
  • ECF is 20% plasma (15% body weight), 80% interstitial fluid (5% body weight)
  • ISF is separated form plasma by endothelium and basement membranes of capillaries
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20
Q

What is the ratio of ICF to ECF?

A

2:1 (because ICF is 40% TBW and ECF is 20% TBW)

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21
Q

What is the ratio of ISF to plasma?

A

3:1 (because ISF is 15% TBW and plasma is 5% TBW)

22
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

contain oxidative enzymes important in metabolism of certain fatty acids, bile, and reduction of free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H202, which is degraded by peroxisomes

23
Q

Describe the flow of protons between the matrix and the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A
  • inner mt membrane always has more protons
  • protons flow into complexes III and IV from the matrix (likely wont be on test)
  • protons flow into the matrix from inner mt membrane via ATP synthase
24
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

translate mRNA into the correct amino acid sequence, either within the ER or dispersed, making them the sites of protein synthesis

25
Q

What are the cytoskeletal filaments made up of?

A
  • actin (microfilaments) is made of proteins in a helix
  • intermediate filaments are keratin in the integument and most types of neurofilament
  • microtubules are made up of tubulin dimers
25
Q

Describe glycolysis.

A
  • occurs anaearobically in the cytoplasm

- produces 4 ATP from one glucose

27
Q

What is cell hyperplasia?

A

increase in number of cells

28
Q

Describe what happens in complex I of the electron transport chain (likely not on test).

A
  • NADH deposits 2 high energy electrons
  • Electrons release energy when passing through redox centers
  • Complex I uses energy to pump protons into inner mt membrane
  • Last redox center transfers 2 electrons to Coenzyme Q
29
Q

Name 6 things ATP is used for.

A
  1. membrane potential (important for neurotransmission)
  2. ATPases
  3. intracellular and membrane (secondary active) transport
  4. anabolic reactions and processes (27% for protein synthesis)
  5. driving certain chemical reactions (e.g. gluconeogenesis)
  6. Mechanical activity of cells (e.g. muscle contraction)
31
Q

What is a lysosome and what is its function?

A
  • an acidic organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes that degrade or recycle cellular components
  • involved in apoptosis and protective against viruses and bacteria
31
Q

Describe how energy is released from ATP.

A
  • transfers and delivers energy. Does not store.
  • energy is released from hydrolysis of the Pi linkage
  • PO4- is subsequently transferred to another molecule via enzyme catalysis
31
Q

What affects membrane resistance?

A
  • size of diffusing molecule
  • solubility of molecule in lipids
  • composition of lipid membrane
32
Q

What is cell metaplasia?

A
  • replacement of one cell type for another
  • implies change in function
  • e.g. Barrett’s esophagus
33
Q

What is cell dysplasia?

A
  • Abnormal division or nuclear regulation

- suggestive of pathology

33
Q

Mitochondrial disease is characterized by what?

A

Muscle weakness and neurological problems

34
Q

State 3 processes to which diffusion is essential.

A
  • cell nutrition (e.g glucose)
  • removal of cellular wastes (e.g. CO2)
  • general metabolism
35
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the nucleus?

A
  • contains DNA
  • regulate gene expression
  • site of ribosome assembly
37
Q

Describe the post-translational processing of proteins.

A
  • TRANSPORT vesicles carry proteins from endoplasmic reticulum to cis-face of Golgi body
  • processed proteins may leave trans-face of Golgi to be secreted by exocytosis (by SECRETORY vesicles) or remain in the cell.
38
Q

What affects the diffusion coefficient of a particle?

A
  • Temperature (directly proportional)
  • Size (inversely proportional)
  • Solubility
  • Viscosity (rate of flow) of medium
39
Q

How does water pass through the plasma membrane?

A
  • through aquaporins (facilitated or passive diffusion)

- through osmosis (large concentration gradients)

40
Q

What conditions must be met for passive transport?

A
  • favorable concentration gradient
  • must be a small unchanged molecule to diffuse through membrane
  • if not small, hydrophobic, and uncharged, must receive assistance from a membrane protein
41
Q

What are the two types of proteins involved in PASSIVE transport?

A
  • ion channel proteins

- carrier proteins

42
Q

What are the 3 types of passive transport?

A
  • diffusion
  • osmosis
  • specific and nonspecific facilitated diffusion
43
Q

Describe the importance of ion channels.

A
  • your entire sensorium depends on them
  • your brain and heart needs them
  • malfunction of ion channels, usually due to genetics, is can lead to epilepsy, migraines, arrhythmias, and chronic pain
44
Q

Describe the characteristics of ion channels.

A
  • a type of passive transport (do not require ATP to function and do not pass ions across their concentration gradient)
  • somewhat specific
  • can be receptors (ligand-gated channels)
  • transport faster than carrier proteins
  • are commonly gated and closed, but there are “leak channels” that remain open most of the time
45
Q

What are 3 types of ion channels and how are they regulated?

A

1) voltage-gated, by change in membrane potential
2) ligand-gated, by binding of a ligand
3) mechanically-gated/ stretch-gated, by mechanical deformation of membrane

46
Q

Describe how membrane carrier proteins work.

A
  • transport molecules much slowly than ion channels
  • transport larger molecules (e.g. glucose, amino acids)
  • stereo-specific
  • Substrate binds to it then it changes confirmation and releases substrate to other side
  • subject to inhibition (blocking)
47
Q

In facilitated diffusion, what factors does the maximum rate (Vmax) of transport across membrane depend on?

A
  • availability/ number of transporters
  • concentration gradient
  • in the case of carrier proteins, the time it takes for substrate to bind and the time it takes for carrier protein to make conformational changes
48
Q

Describe active transport.

A
  • moves molecules against their concentration gradient; this requires ATP. Active transporters hydrolyze ATP.
  • Active transporters are often called “pumps” (ATPases)
49
Q

Describe the importance of the sodium-potassium pump

A
  • essential for cell metabolism
  • alters cell osmotic (fluid) balance
  • alters membrane charge gradient, which is important for generation of never impulses

Physiology (10 decks)

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