Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

How does first degree AV block show up on EKG, and what causes it?

A
  • prolonged PR intervals
  • delayed conduction between atria and ventricles
  • hyperkalemia, myopathy
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2
Q

What do supernumerary P-waves on 2nd degree block EKG show?

A

intermittent conduction between atria and ventric;es

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3
Q

How does a 3rd degree block look on ekg?

A
  • supernumerary P-waves

- no consistent relationship between P-wave and QRS complex (atria and ventricles contracting independently)

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4
Q

Describe isovolumic phases of the cardiac cycle.

A
  • all 4 valves closed
  • pressure changes
  • volume remains constant
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5
Q

What does a Wigger’s diagram show?

A

pressure over time

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6
Q

What influences cardiac output?

A
  • body position
  • pregnancy
  • age
  • sleep, activity
  • fitness
  • meals
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7
Q

What does chronotropic mean?

A

influencing heart rate

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8
Q

What does ionotropic mean?

A

influencing force of contraction

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9
Q

What does dromotropic mean?

A

influencing conduction through AV node

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10
Q

What does lusitropic mean?

A

influencing relaxation (after contraction)

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11
Q

What is Starling’s Law of the Heart?

A
  • Force of ventricular contraction increases as the ventricular myocardium is stretched (greater EDV leads to more forceful contraction)
  • as preload increases, so does force of contraction
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12
Q

preload

A

resistance (or work that must be performed) to pump the ventricular blood out of the heart

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13
Q

afterload

A

the resistance of the discharge of blood imposed by the backpressure of the blood in the arteries and veins

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14
Q

Venous compliance

A
  • change in volume that accompanies a change in pressure
  • veins are 20 more compliant than arteries
  • because of this, 2/3 of circulating blood resides in veins
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15
Q

Elevated central venous pressure occurs in what types of patients?

A
  • right heart failure
  • restrictive cardiomyopathy
  • pericardial disease
  • tricuspid valve stenosis
  • SVC syndrome
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16
Q

Musculovenous pump

A

one-way check valves in veins of limbs

17
Q

What effect would epinephrine binding to beta-2 receptors have on flow?

A
  • would cause vasodilation

- increasing flow

18
Q

How does local regulation act to maintain homeostasis is flow increases?

A

-will vasoconstrict

19
Q

metabolic (active) hyperemia

A

blood vessels dilate to bring more blood to metabolically active tissue

20
Q

reactive hyperemia

A

compensatory increase in flow following removal of a restriction that was blocking blood flow to a tissue

21
Q

if local flow decreases, what mechanisms will act to cause vasodilation?

A
  • myogenic autoregulation
  • active hyperemia
  • reactive hyperemia
22
Q

How do baroreceptors elevate BP?

A

baroreceptor decreased firing leads to

  • sympathetic activation, parasympathetic decrease
  • constriction of arteries and veins
  • elevated cardiac output (elevating BP)
23
Q

How do baroreceptors decrease BP?

A

Firing rate of baroreceptors goes up, leading to

  • parasympathetic activation, sympathetic decrease
  • decrease in HR and CO
  • decreasing MAP