exam 3 diseases- parkinsons

Question 1

PD is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominantly ___ neurons in specific area of the brain called ___, which is part of the basal ganglia

Answer 1

dopamine-producing (dopaminergic)

substantia nigra

Question 2

symptoms of PD

Answer 2

tremor- mainly at rest
slowness of movements (bradykinesia)
limb rigidity
gait and balance problems

Question 3

parkinsons symptoms may be motor-related, but may also be unrelated to movement (non-motor), people with PD are often more impacted by their ___ symptoms

Answer 3

non-motor

Question 4

non-motor symptoms of PD

Answer 4

apathy, depression, constipation
sleep behavior disorders, loss of smell
cognitive impairment

Question 5

exposure to ___ and a history of ___ have each been linked with PD, but risks are modest

Answer 5

pesticides
head injury

Question 6

people with PD first start experiencing symptoms later in the disease b/c a significant amt of the ___ have already been ___

Answer 6

substantia nigra
lost/impaired

Question 7

___ are found in substantia nigra neurons of PD patients

what are these

Answer 7

lewy bodies (accumulation of abnormal alpha-synuclein)

lewy bodies are abnormal aggregates of protein that develop inside nerve cells in PD, lewy body dementia, and some other disorders

Question 8

lewy bodies appear as ___ that displace other cell components

they may be found in the ___ or within the ___

Answer 8

spherical masses

in the brainstem (w/in substantia nigra) or within the cortex

Question 9

a lewy body is composed of this protein ___ associated with these other proteins…

Answer 9

alpha-synuclein
ubiqutin, neurofilament protein, alpha B crystallin

Question 10

lewy bodies are neurofibrillary tangles can exist in the same neuron, particularly in the ___

Answer 10

amygdala

Question 11

in the brain, alpha-synuclein is found mainly at the tips of neurons in specialized structures called _____, within these, they interact with ___

Answer 11

presynaptic terminals

phospholipids and proteins

Question 12

function of alpha-synuclein

Answer 12

maintains supply of synaptic vesicles in presynaptic terminals by clustering synaptic vesicles

• help regulate release of dopamine for controlling start&stop of voluntary and involuntary movements

Question 13

~ __% of synuclein is membrane-bound in any moment in neurons

Answer 13

15

Question 14

alpha-synuclein significantly interacts with ___ and it may have activity as a possible microtubule-associated protein, like ___

Answer 14

tubulin
tau

Question 15

recent evidence suggests that alpha-synuclein functions as a molecule chaperone in the formation of ___ complexes

so it may be involved in the functioning of the neuronal ___ and ____

Answer 15

SNARE
golgi apparatus & vesicle trafficking

Question 16

knock-out mice with the targeted inactivation of the expression of alpha-synuclein show…

Answer 16

impaired spatial learning and working memory