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BioChem > Exam 3 Definitions > Flashcards

Exam 3 Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Lipids, what are they defined by

A

organic molecules that have limited solubility in water and can be isolated from organisms by extraction with nonpolar organic solvents
- insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
- defined by solubility

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2
Q

Micelles

A

spherical structures containing amphipathic molecules arranged with hydrophobic regions in the interior and hydrophilic head groups on the exterior

type of hydrophobic interaption in lipids

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3
Q

vesicles

A

forms spontaneously when a bilayer sheet folds back on itself to form a hollow sphere
- a small fluid-filled bladder, sac, cyst, or vacuole within the body

type of hydrophobic interation in lipids

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4
Q

bilayers

A

a continuous double layer of lipid molecules in which membrane proteins are embedded.

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5
Q

integral proteins vs peripheral proteins ( how are they linked)

A

Integral proteins embed in or pass through the membrane
- peripheral: proteins are bound to the membrane primarily through
noncovalent interactions
-Can be linked covalently through myristic, palmitic, or prenyl groups

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6
Q

membrane proteins

A

proteins being associated or attached to the membrane of a cell or an organelle inside the cell.
- most functions associated with the membrane require membrane proteins

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7
Q

Lipid rafts

A

Specialized microdomains that can be found in the external leaflet of the plasma membrane
- dynamic assemblies of proteins and lipids that float freely within the liquid-disordered bilayer of cellular membranes
- Can be up to 50% of the cell surface

help maintain cellular function

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8
Q

Passive Transport

A

A type of membrane transport that required no energy and moves WITH the concentration gradient ( facilitated and simple diffusion)

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9
Q

Simple Transfusion

A

propulsion of each solute by random molecular motion from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
- O2 and CO2
- no protein channel

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10
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

uses channel proteins to move large or charged molecules down/ WITH their concentration gradient
- Ex. chemically gated Na+ channel and voltage-gated K+ channel
- no energy

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11
Q

Active Transport

A

uses energy to transport molecules against a concentration gradient

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12
Q

Gene

A

a DNA sequence that contains the base sequence information to code for a gene product, protein, or RNA

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13
Q

Genome

A

The complete DNA base sequence of an organism

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14
Q

transcriptome

A

The total RNA transcripts for an organism ( the full range of messenger RNA, or mRNA)

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15
Q

proteome

A

the entire set of proteins synthesized

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16
Q

metabolome

A

the sum total of low molecular weight metabolites produced by the cell

17
Q

Purine

A

DNA amine base (adenine, and guanine) double rings

18
Q

pyrimidine

A

DNA amine base (cytosine and thymine) single rings

19
Q

Point mutation

A

small single base changes ( mutation)
Subgroups: transition and transversion mutations

20
Q

frameshift mutation

A

indels( insertion or deletion) that occur within the coding region that are not divisible by three

21
Q

transition vs. transversion point mutation

A

transition: caused by deamination, leading to purine for purine or pyrimidine for pyrimidine substitutions
Transversion mutations occur when a purine is substituted for a pyrimidine or vice versa

22
Q

Codon

A

A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid

23
Q

anticodon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a tRNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.

24
Q

Monocistronic

A

( mRNA) Eukaryotes, contains only one structural gene, coding for a single polypeptide chain

25
Q

polycistronic

A

(mRNA) In prokaryotes, two or more separate proteins are encoded on a single molecule of messenger RNA

26
Q

Chromosome

A

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. in which the genetic traits encoded in DNA are maintained and transmitted from one generation to the next

27
Q

nucleosome

A

a section of DNA that is wrapped around a core of proteins (inside the nucleus)
-formed by the binding of DNA and histone proteins

28
Q

chromatin

A

Each eukaryotic chromosome consists of a single, linear DNA molecule complexed with histone proteins to form nucleosomes ( this complex is called chromatin)

29
Q

Semiconservative replication

A

After the two strands have separated, each serves as a template for synthesis of a complementary strand
-DNA replication occurs before cell division and has a similar mechanism in all organisms

30
Q

Replication fork

A

New nucleotides line up on each strand in a complementary manner, A to T / G to C, and two new strands begin to grow from the ends of the bubble
- where DNA replication takes place

31
Q

Leading vs. lagging strand (Okazaki fragments)

A

(DNA replication)
Leading Strand: The complement of the original 3’ to 5’ strand is synthesized
continuously in a single piece to give a newly synthesized copy
Lagging strand: complement of the original 5’ to 3’ strand is synthesized discontinuously in small pieces called Okazaki fragments that are subsequently linked by DNA ligases to form the lagging strand

32
Q

Template/nontemplate strands

A
  • The template strand (-) of DNA is antiparallel to the new RNA strand
  • The non-template strand (+) has the same base sequence as the RNA, except the transcript has U for T
33
Q

coding/noncoding strands

A

The DNA strand that contains the gene is the coding strand/ sense strand
The DNA strand that gets transcribed to give RNA is called the noncoding/ antisense strand

34
Q

sense/antisense strands

A

sense/coding/nontemplate strand
antisense strands/noncoding strands/template

35
Q

Constitutive genes

A

routinely transcribed because they code for gene products required for normal cell function

36
Q

inducible genes

A

a gene whose expression is either responsive to environmental change or dependent on the position in the cell cycle

37
Q

repressible genes

A

those in which the presence of a substance (a co-repressor) in the environment turns off the expression of those genes

38
Q

Alternative splicing

A

a cellular process in which exons from the same gene are joined in different combinations, leading to different, but related, mRNA transcripts
- removal of different combinations of introns

BioChem (6 decks)

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