Biochem Final part 2

Question 1

Micelles

Answer 1

spherical structures containing amphipathic molecules arranged with hydrophobic regions in the interior and hydrophilic head
groups on the exterior (type of hydrophobic interaction)

Question 2

vesicles

Answer 2

forms spontaneously when a bilayer sheet folds back on itself to form a hollow sphere (type of hydrophobic interaction)

Question 3

bilayers

Answer 3

a noncovalent heteropolymer of lipid bilayer and associated proteins
- A film two molecules thick that is arranged with its hydrophobic end inward and its hydrophilic end outward.

Question 4

Integral vs. peripheral membrane proteins

Answer 4

integral: proteins embed in or pass through the membrane
peripheral: proteins are bound to the membrane primarily through noncovalent interactions

Question 5

Lipid raft

Answer 5

dynamic assemblies of proteins and lipids that float freely within the liquid-disordered bilayer of cellular membranes but can also cluster to form larger, ordered platforms
- type of microdomain
-cholesterol, sphingolipids

Question 6

Gene

Answer 6

a DNA sequence that contains the base sequence information to code for a gene product, protein, or RNA

Question 7

Genome

Answer 7

The complete DNA base sequence of an organism

Question 8

transcriptome

Answer 8

The total RNA transcripts for an organism

Question 9

proteome

Answer 9

the entire set of proteins synthesized

Question 10

metabolome

Answer 10

refers to the sum total of low molecular weight metabolites produced by the cell (sugars, nucleotides, amino acids, lipids)

Question 11

Purine

Answer 11

amine base in DNA (adenine and guanine)

Question 12

pyrimidine

Answer 12

anime base in DNA (cytosine and thymine)

Question 13

Point mutation

Answer 13

small single base changes such as transition and transversion mutations.

Question 14

frameshift mutation

Answer 14

Indels that occur within the coding region that are not divisible by three

Question 15

Codon

Answer 15

A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid

Question 16

anticodon

Answer 16

a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a tRNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA

Question 17

Chromosome

Answer 17

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

Question 18

nucleosome

Answer 18

-a section of DNA that is wrapped around a core of proteins (inside the nucleus)
-formed by the binding of DNA and histone proteins

Question 19

chromatin

Answer 19

Each eukaryotic chromosome consists of a single, linear DNA molecule complexed with histone proteins to form nucleosomes ( this complex is called chromatin)

Question 20

Replication fork

Answer 20

New nucleotides line up on each strand in a complementary manner, A to T / G to C, and two new strands begin to grow from the ends of the bubble
- where DNA replication takes place

Question 21

Leading vs. lagging strand (Okazaki fragments)

Answer 21

(DNA replication)
Leading Strand: The complement of the original 3’ to 5’ strand is synthesized
continuously in a single piece to give a newly synthesized copy
Lagging strand: complement of the original 5’ to 3’ strand is synthesized discontinuously in small pieces called Okazaki fragments that are subsequently linked by DNA ligases to form the lagging strand

Question 22

Template/nontemplate strand

Answer 22

The template strand (-) of DNA is antiparallel to the new RNA strand
The non-template strand (+) has the same base sequence as the RNA, except the transcript has U for T

Question 23

coding/noncoding strand

Answer 23

The DNA strand that contains the gene is the coding strand/ sense strand
The DNA strand that gets transcribed to give RNA is called the noncoding/ antisense strand

Question 24

sense/antisense strands

Answer 24

the segment within double-stranded DNA that carries the translatable code in the 5′ to 3′ direction

Question 25

Constitutive genes

Answer 25

routinely transcribed because they code for gene products required for normal cell function

Question 26

inducible genes

Answer 26

a gene whose expression is either responsive to environmental change or dependent on the position in the cell cycle

Question 27

repressible genes

Answer 27

those in which the presence of a substance (a co-repressor) in the environment turns off the expression of those genes