exam 3 culture

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

how humans organize and use knowledge to understand the world

Question 2

What does culture determine?

Answer 2

• what you learn
• when and how you learn
• the value of certain knowledge

Question 3

Culture affects learning of symbols and tools. what are symbols vs tools?

Answer 3

symbols: language/other ways to represent thoughts
tools: objects/material resources

*cultural symbols and tools are shared by the community

Question 4

How is cultural knowledge/cognition shared with babies?

Answer 4

social contact (direct and indirect)

Question 5

What are the three forms of social information?

Answer 5

1) rituals
2) customs
3) shared symbols/tools (language/materials)

Question 6

what are the 4 social learning processes

Answer 6

1) observing
2) sharing
3) transmitting
4) participating

Question 7

what’s the sociocultural approach to cognitive development?

Answer 7

social/cultural experiences transform basic cognitive skills we’re born with into more specific ones relevant in our culture

Question 8

how is the sociocultural approach to development different from piaget’s stages?

Answer 8

piaget didn’t address cultural influence at all

Question 9

What’s the value in a child solving a problem with a more experienced individual?

Answer 9

child gets guidance that’s culture-specific; gets a complete solution rather than a fast one

Question 10

method 1 for social learning: observation

Answer 10

• learn by watching others (can only observe things from sensory input; can’t read minds) –> learn culturally relevant info
• individual may or may not know they’re being observed

Question 11

example of observation

Answer 11

1) woman plays with beads –> actor yells at her –> baby won’t touch beads while actor is still there
2) observing how to use canoe paddle
3) observing how to use a loom

Question 12

how does play impact development

Answer 12

child practices culturally significant behaviors (playing “house”) –> learn gender norms

Question 13

method 2 for social learning: sharing

Answer 13

knowledge communicated from one person to another (reciprocal)
- not restricted to verbal/overt communication

Question 14

example of sharing

Answer 14

• parents making references to things that are valued/upheld in the culture

Question 15

method 3 for social learning: transmitting

Answer 15

• formal and informal settings
• experienced members transmit knowledge to children
• example of scaffolding to prep child to learn in school

-transmitting is one way; sharing is two ways

Question 16

method 4 of social learning: participating

Answer 16

participation in authentic activities (not meant to teach)
- ex. learning about religion by going to church
- cognitive development is shown by how responsibilities change as a child participates in more authentic activities (what chores you do)

Question 17

what’s autobiographical memory

Answer 17

memory of your own life history

Question 18

how is autobiographical memory improved?

Answer 18

• by parents asking their kids open ended questions about experiences (kid remembers better)
• parents elaborating on the memory

Question 19

how does culture shape problem solving skills?

Answer 19

culture influences types of problems and how they’re solved
- kids learn to solve problems from others (what symbols/tools to use?)
- some cultures prioritize cooperation over indiv performance

Question 20

what’s cultural amplification?

Answer 20

tools enhance the way children solve problems

Question 21

spatial cognition

Answer 21

allows us to navigate through environments (give/follow directions; remember things)
- influenced by cultural tools (maps/songs/dances) and norms (giving street name vs landmark directions/first vs third person)
- is being changed by GPS

Question 22

informal learning

Answer 22

• “street smart;” learning languages at home
• happens every day; unstructured; can be intentional or unintentional
• choice in participation
• DOES NOT DEPEND ON LOCATION