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PSYCH 101 > exam 2 - personality > Flashcards

exam 2 - personality Flashcards

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1
Q

3 levels of focus on personality

A

1) societal: general trends in behavior (crime, unemployment, marriage); sociology
2) individual: one’s unique life history and psychological characteristics compared to others; how is a person dif from avg; clinical/personality psychologists
3) interpersonal

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2
Q

define personality

A

an individual’s pattern of thinking, feeling, acting

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3
Q

what are the three perspectives on personality

A

1) freud’s psychodynamic
2) neo freudians
3) trait perspective

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4
Q

according to freud, what caused personality

A

peoples unconscious motives and conflicts between aggressive pleasure seeking impulses/the social restraints against them

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5
Q

what was freud’s idea of the unconscious

A

part of our mind not accessible through conscious thought

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6
Q

according to freud how do we access our unconscious

A

free association, dream analysis, paraphraxes (freudian slips)

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7
Q

freud’s 3 parts of the mind

A

id (it), ego (I), superego (over I)

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8
Q

freud’s id

A

controls basic drives; most primitive innate part of the mind; controls aggression, lust, sexuality, death; primarily unconscious; primary process thinking/pleasure principle (wish fulfillment; doing whatever you need to get what you want)

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9
Q

freud’s ego

A

reality check; constrains id to reality; develops around 2-3 yrs old; all levels of consciousness; secondary process thinking (what’s reasonable and realistic); mediator btwn id/superego, id/reality

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10
Q

freud’s superego

A

morality; internalizes societal values, norms, morals; develops around age 5; all levels of consciousness; perfection principle (ideal image); conscious interjects and tells us when we’re doing something wrong/immoral

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11
Q

conscious

A

part of the mind that holds what we’re currently aware of

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12
Q

preconscious

A

normal memory that can easily be brought into awareness

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13
Q

unconscious

A

part of the mind not directly accessible to awareness

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14
Q

concept of freud’s psychosexual stages of development

A

go through fixed sequence of psychosexual development stages; each stage focuses on pleasure in a dif area (doesn’t need to be sexual); if conflict is not resolved at a stage, one becomes fixated (emotionally stuck at that stage)

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15
Q

freud’s psychosexual stages of development

A

1) oral
2) anal
3) phallic
4) latency
5) genital

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16
Q

oral stage

A
  • 0-18 mos
  • pleasure of mouth, lips, tongue
  • conflict: weaning/biting
  • key aspect: idea of dependency
  • fixation when overindulged/reluctant to leave stage or under gratified/can’t move on until needs are met
  • fixated in oral receptive: dependent, talkative, overeating, smoking
  • fixated in oral aggressive: pleasure from biting/chewing; verbal aggression
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17
Q

anal stage

A
  • 18 mos-3yrs
  • pleasure/anal stim while defecating
  • key aspect: self control
  • conflict comes from toilet training
  • praised by parents: kids grow up to like creativity
  • shamed by parents: become fixated as anal expulsive (messy, destructive) or anal retentive (anxious, neat, stingy)
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18
Q

phallic stage

A
  • 3-5yrs
  • pleasure from exploring/stim genitals
  • key aspect: kids identify with same sex parent
  • oedipal complex: boys love mom; realize dad is competition bc he has a bigger penis
  • electra complex/penis envy: girls fall in love with dad; think dad is mad at mom bc she doesn’t have a penis; girl wants to grow up and have a penis like her mom (share with a man)
  • beginning of superego
  • fixated men: aggressive sexuality; competitive
  • fixated women: flirtatious but no actual sex
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19
Q

latency stage

A
  • 6yrs old until puberty
  • lack of specific sexual conflicts
  • consolidation of superego; focus on intellectual/social dev
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20
Q

genital stage

A
  • puberty to end of life
  • only reach if get past all other conflicts
  • focus on mutually beneficial sex
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21
Q

according to freud where does anxiety come from

A

ego battles id, superego, and outside world –> creates conflict felt as anxiety –> activate defense mechanisms

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22
Q

purpose of defense mechanisms according to freud

A

unconscious cognitive function to protect from disruption from excessive anxiety/unacceptable unconscious thoughts; things you do w/o realizing to feel better

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23
Q

what are freud’s defense mechanisms

A
  • repression: pushing threatening thoughts into unconscious
  • reaction formation: acting opposite of unconscious desires
  • denial: don’t acknowledge root of anxiety
  • projection: attribute anxious impulses/thoughts onto other people/things
  • sublimation: dangerous urges –> socially acceptable behaviors
  • regression: mentally returning to earlier “safer” time
  • rationalization: making logical explanation/excuse for impulsive behavior
  • displacement: shift rxn from real source of anxiety to a safer person/thing
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24
Q

how did freud measure the unconscious

A

projective tests: rorschach, thematic apperception, sentence completion, drawings

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25
Q

what does rorschach test/consider

A

what do you see, where do you see it, what features of blot are used in the response (determinants)

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26
Q

thematic apperception test

A

reveals “unconscious fantasies”; come up w/ story about what’s happening in the picture

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27
Q

advocate opinion for projective tests

A
  • allow psychoanalyst to peel back layers of psyche
  • provides info you can’t get from self-reports
  • useful when pt doesn’t want to volunteer negative info
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27
Q

draw a person test

A

assess QUALITY of drawing (shows cognitive maturity, neuro deficit, impulsiveness); MOOD (shows person’s worldview, self-concept, relationships); DETAILS (sizes, missing parts, organization)

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28
Q

critic opinion for projective tests

A

long time to score; subjective; potential bias; low validity and reliability

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29
Q

freud cons

A
  • pessimistic (focus on unconscious conflict)
  • emphasizes early experiences; doesn’t consider lifetime development
  • hard to study empirically/falsify
  • deviation from straight cis male is bad
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30
Q

freud pros

A
  • first to explore personality scientifically
  • beginning of talking about sex openly
  • importance of early childhood’s effect on personality
  • importance of the unconscious; there’s a part of the mind we can’t access
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31
Q

3 neo freudians and what they studied

A

1) carl jung (selfhood)
2) alfred adler (inferior and goals)
3) karen horney (new concept of women)

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32
Q

what’s the neo freudian ego; how is it dif from freud’s ego

A

sense of self that arises though life’s conflict and interactions with others; more broad and defines core individuality of a person; less biological (more social and optimistic)

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33
Q

effects of neo freud ego-centered approaches

A

discarding of freuds id; emphasized motivations and social interactions; gave more importance to social variables

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34
Q

2 key aspects of carl jung’s breakup with frued

A

1) too sexual; carl jung liked spirituality too
2) didn’t like freud’s structure of the mind; jung cane up w/ new idea of the unconscious (divided into personal and collective)

35
Q

carl jung’s 3 parts of the mind

A

1) conscious ego
2) personal unconscious (freud id)
3) collective unconscious

36
Q

whats the collective unconscious

A
  • unique to jung
  • collective memory shared with all people
  • made of emotional symbols (archetypes)
37
Q

what are archetypes

A
  • emotional symbols common among all ppl that predispose us to act in predetermined ways
38
Q

What did jung think were the causes of mental disorders

A
  • repressed traumas
  • conflicts in personal unconscious
  • failure to acknowledge unacceptable archetypes in the collective unconscious
39
Q

examples of archetypes

A
  • animus (masc) and anima (fem) sides of personality
  • mother and father
    birth and death
  • persona (self )and shadow (self’s destructive tendencies we don’t want to acknowledge)
  • hero and demon
40
Q

what did jung think personality was

A

overall pattern of which trait is favored in opposing pairs of tendencies

41
Q

what are jung’s pairs of opposites

A
  • conscious vs unconscious
  • introvert vs extravert
  • rational vs irrational
  • thinking vs feeling
  • good vs bad
  • intuition vs sensation
  • masculine vs feminine
42
Q

cons to jung’s work

A

theories weren’t testable

43
Q

jung’s contributions

A

1) challenged freud; new personality theories
2) idea of personality types (INTROVERTS AND EXTRAVERTS); trait type approach (personality determined by consistent traits over time)

44
Q

4 key aspects of adler’s fight with freud

A

1) developmental stages are based on goal directedness not sexual urges

2) fictional finalism; adler was future oriented

3) inferiority complex; inferior feelings drive our personalities; may develop false feelings of power (superiority complex) to conceal feelings of inferiority

4) birth order; sibling and parent interactions impact personality

45
Q

what’s fictional finalism?

A

adler believed people are less happy because we move our goals as soon as we get close to achieving them; we are guided by our self-ideal (what we ideally want to achieve)

46
Q

adler’s birth order personalities

A
  • first born: exaggerated sense of independence; had 100% of parents’ attention; has performance anxiety if there’s a second child (worry abt being ourperformed)
  • second born: less sensitive to power issues, higher achiever
  • youngest: spoiled; low desire to strive
  • only child: like a non-dethroned first born; less performance anxiety
47
Q

limitations of using birth order to determine personality

A

is it birth order or genetics?

48
Q

cons of adler’s work

A

not all of his hypotheses have been supported by later research (first borns/only children have higher levels of goals/achievements)

49
Q

pros of adler’s work

A

emphasized how the need for power influences behavior

50
Q

key aspect of karen horney’s fight w freud

A

WOMEN DON’T HAVE PENIS ENVY; felt inferior to men bc of real life social position; female personality if a function of how we’re raised (always put others first); men might have unconscious womb envy

51
Q

karen horney’s agreement with frued

A

ppl are driven by unconscious motivations developed in childhood; BUT they’re from societal conflict w/ family and society

52
Q

horney’s discovery about anxiety

A

child realizing their own helplessness (like adler); basic anxiety –> can be directed inward or outward; neuroticism when anxiety gets out of control; manifests as neurotic needs (extremes of normal desires); 3 main coping styles for neurotic needs

53
Q

horney’s neurotic coping strategies (personalities)

A

1) moving toward others: neurotic need = constant love/approval; people pleasers

2) moving against others: neurotic need = power/social recognition; aggressive, don’t trust others

3) moving away from others: neurotic need = perfection; disengage/withdraw from others/fear rejection for imperfections

54
Q

cons of horney’s work

A

weak scientific foundation; lack of operational terms/hard to test

55
Q

pros of horney’s work

A

revolutionary; new concept of women

56
Q

what’s the trait perspective

A
  • using personality inventories to objectively score a wide range of behaviors/feelings
  • people usually have a personality type influenced by genes/enviro
57
Q

what does it mean that people are consistently inconsistent

A

people act inconsistently between different types of scenarios but consistently within each type

58
Q

goal of personality inventories

A
  • measure broad personality characteristics
  • focus on behaviors, beliefs, feelings
  • usually self reported
59
Q

3 most popular personality inventories

A

1) MMPI
2) esenk’s introversion/extroversion
3) the big 5

60
Q

MMPI

A
  • 550 self-statements
  • reply w/ true, false, cannot say
  • assesses carelessness and lying
  • 10 clinical scales
  • score range 0-120 on each scale
  • score above 70 is abnormal
  • scores are graphed
61
Q

10 MMPI scales (name: description of high score)

A

1) Hypochondriasis (Hs): excessive bodily concerns, ailments, complaining

2) Depression (D): depressed, low confidence, pessimistic

3) hysteria (Hy): vague medical rxns to stress, physical symptoms, denial of conflict/anger

4) Psychopathic deviate (Pd): antisocial, rebellious, blaming, poor consideration of consequences

5) masculinity-femininity (Mf): reject traditional gender roles

6) Paranoia (Pa): suspicious that others intend to harm, hypersensitive

7) Psychasthemia (Pt): anxious, tense, obsessive

8) Schizophrenia (Sc): psychotic, disorganized thought process, hallucinations, alienated

9) Mania (Ma): elevated mood, accelerated movement/speech, lots of ideas

10) social introversion (Si): introverted, more comfortable alone

62
Q

4 MMPI-2 Validity scales

A

L (infrequency/lie), K (defensiveness), F (infrequency), VRIN/TRIN (see if they’re paying attention)

63
Q

L scale

A
  • faking good
  • trying to appear socially desirable
64
Q

K scale

A
  • defensiveness
  • trying to hide their problems
65
Q

F scale

A
  • faking bad
    -people trying to seem abnormal
66
Q

VRIN/TRIN scales

A
  • is the person paying attention?
  • asks same question in dif ways –> should answer the same if paying attention
67
Q

2 dimensions of personality according to eyesenck

A

1) extraversion - introversion
2) emotional stability - instability

68
Q

what do introverts like

A

routine, small groups, quiet; re-energize by being alone

69
Q

what do extraverts like

A

talking, new people/places, dislike routine; re-energize by being w/ other people

70
Q

eyesenck’s theory of introversion and extraversion

A

which one a person is depends on activity level of their ascending reticular activating system –> controls their arousal levels

71
Q

eyesenck’s explanation of arousal

A

introverts baseline higher arousal –> need little more to reach optimal level; extraverts baseline lower arousal –> need more to reach optimal level

72
Q

revisions to eyesenck’s theory

A

Es/Is don’t start at different levels, Is are just more sensitive to arousal/stimulation

73
Q

myers brigg personality test

A
  • theory of psychological types (which were developed by carl jung)
  • 2 key dimensions: perceiving vs judging / extraversion vs introversion
  • mother/daughter wanted to find easier way to identify their psychological type –> made myers brigg questionnaire
74
Q

the big five

A

1) openness
2) conscientiousness (staying true to your word; following through)
3) extraversion
4) agreeableness
5) neuroticism (anxiety)

  • traits generally stable over lifetime, can predict other traits, are consistent across cultures
75
Q

Trait
- description of high score
- description of low score

A

Openness
- curious, imaginative
- conservative, traditional

conscientiousness
- organized, disciplined, carry out plans
- easygoing, disorganized, spontaneous

extraversion
- sociable, talkative
- reserved, shy

agreeableness
-sympathetic, accommodating, like to avoid conflict
- competitive, egocentric, uncooperative

neuroticism
- prone to emotional distress, anxiety, sadness
- emotionally stable, secure under stress

76
Q

pros of the big 5

A
  • EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE (TESTED) for five factor model of personalities
  • lots of research and applications
77
Q

cons of the big five

A
  • openness factor is troublesome; what exactly does it mean?
  • some talk about adding/removing factors
78
Q

life outcomes predicted by the big 5: good grades

A

high C
low N

79
Q

life outcomes predicted by the big 5: risky sexual behavior

A

high A
low C, N

80
Q

life outcomes predicted by the big 5: drinking

A

high E
low C

81
Q

life outcomes predicted by the big 5: happiness

A

High E
low N

82
Q

life outcomes predicted by the big 5: leadership effectiveness

A

high E, A, C
low N

83
Q

pros of personality inventories

A
  • easier, cheaper, faster, more reliable than projective tests
  • objective
84
Q

cons of personality inventories

A
  • measures traits that can’t be directly examined; how can we know if the assessment is correct?
  • often fail to allow for cultural variation in responses

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