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PSYCH 101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

1920s definition of psychology

A

the science of mental life

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2
Q

1920s-1960s definition of psychology

A

the science of observable behavior

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3
Q

1960s-present definition of psychology

A

observable behavior and inner thoughts

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4
Q

literal definition of psychology

A

“soul” + study

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5
Q

definition of behavior

A

observable actions

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6
Q

definition of the mind

A

subjective experience

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7
Q

experimental psychologists

A

conduct experiments to further theories

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8
Q

applied psychologists

A

apply theories to solve real world problems

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9
Q

psychiatrist

A

medical doctor that treats mental disorders with medicine and talk therapy

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10
Q

clinical psychologist

A

PhD or PsyD who treats mental disorders with different types of therapy

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11
Q

counseling psychologist

A

phD, EdD or masters who historically gave vocational advice

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12
Q

school psychology

A

education, how to teach, school environment

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13
Q

sports psychology

A

teams, motivation, coach interaction, rehab

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14
Q

cognitive psyschology

A

how we process information and make judgments about out environment

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15
Q

developmental psychology

A

how thoughts and behavior develop from birth to death

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16
Q

industrial/organizational psychology

A

work settings, leadership, morale

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17
Q

learning and memory psychology

A

conditioning (rewards and punishment), animal work, memory processes

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18
Q

psychobiology

A

how the mind and physical body work together

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19
Q

quantitative psychology

A

mathematical theories of thought and behavior (statistics)

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20
Q

social psychology

A

relationships, stereotypes and prejudice, attitudes, groups, self

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21
Q

marketing/consumer behavior psychology

A

purchasing decisions, brand loyalty, decision choice set

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22
Q

hindsight bias

A

believing that you would’ve predicted the outcome before it happened; “I knew it”

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23
Q

fatal attractions

A

opposites attract initially but eventually become repulsing

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24
Q

socrates

A

thought the mind and body were separate. the mind continues after death

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25
Q

aristotle

A

thought the mind and body were not separable

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26
Q

phrenology

A

the idea that different brain areas account fro personality changes. growth in one area led to a personality change

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27
Q

free will vs. determinism

A

how much of our behavior is controlled by our choices vs natural laws and the environment

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28
Q

mind body problem

A

how much do the mind and body affect each other

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29
Q

stability vs change

A

how much can I change before I’m not myself anymore?

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30
Q

nature vs nurture

A

are peoples’ personality traits mostly influenced by genetics or environment? (Jim twins example)

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31
Q

file drawer effect

A

papers without significant findings don’t get published

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32
Q

goals of psychology research

A

description, causal analysis, theory building, application

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33
Q

where do research ideas come from?

A

observation, personal experience, existing data and theories

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34
Q

hypothesis

A

testable relation between 2 constructs. can’t prove it to be true, only false. becomes a theory as it becomes more complex and is supported by more data

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35
Q

theory

A

organized set of principles used to describe observations

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36
Q

focus of observational research

A

description; observe people in their natural environment and record measurements of behavior

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37
Q

focus of correlational research

A

prediction; observing the relationship between 2+ variables

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38
Q

focus of experimental research

A

causal relationships

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39
Q

pros of observational research

A

nice, easy place to start

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40
Q

pros of correlational research

A

can study issues that would otherwise be unethical or impossible. efficient and allows researchers to collect more into and test more relations

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41
Q

pros of experimental research

A

can establish causal relationships

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42
Q

cons of observational research

A

hard to implement and observe discreetly. hard to quantify and determine what counts. open to bias

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43
Q

cons of correlational research

A

can’t establish a causal relationship

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44
Q

cons of experimental research

A

hard to implement because of ethics

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45
Q

archival analysis

A

observing pre-existing data for observational research. it may or may not be helpful

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46
Q

correlation coefficient

A

statistic that shows the strength and direction of a correlation (pearson’s R)

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47
Q

random assignment

A

each participant in the study has an equal likelihood of being assigned to any group. required in experimental research in order to declare causality

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48
Q

statistical significance

A

results are statistically significant is the p value is less than 0.05 (5%). there is 5% of less chance that the results were due to chance

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49
Q

replication

A

getting multiple p values less than 0.05 means there it’s extremely unlikely the data is due to chance. increases the evidence to reject the null hypothesis

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50
Q

type 1 error

A

false positive

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51
Q

type 2 error

A

false negative

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52
Q

Experimental design steps

A

specify problem/hypothesis, form operational definition, collect data, analyze data, form theory

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53
Q

tuskegee syphilis study

A

extremely unethical study that harmed patients and manipulated them into joining without informed consent. result was creation of ethics board and guidelines

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54
Q

APA ethical guidelines for research

A

informed consent, debriefing, weighing costs and benefits of the research

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55
Q

guidelines for research on humans

A

protection of rights and well-being, informed consent, justification for deception if used, right to withdraw, protection from psychical and psychological harm, confidentiality, debriefing participants at the end

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56
Q

biological psychology

A

the study of the brain, nervous system, and genetics, and how they relate to behavior and mental processes

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57
Q

nervous system

A

electrochemical communication network between the brain/spinal cord and all organs, muscles, and glands

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58
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves that go from spinal cord to rest of body

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59
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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60
Q

somatic nervous system

A

part of peripheral NS that transmits signals from sensory organs to the CNS and from the CNS to skeletal muscles

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61
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of peripheral NS that connects the CNS to smooth muscles, organs, and glands

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62
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

part of the autonomic NS that maintains homeostasis; calming

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63
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

part of the autonomic NS that is active during fight or flight; energizing

64
Q

stress

A

prolonged fight or flight without a clear shutoff point; body redirects resources to prioritize survival

65
Q

action potential

A

message traveling down a neuron by changes in polarity

66
Q

resting potential

A

negative on the inside. K+ inside; NA+ outside

67
Q

How is the signal sent between neurons

A

action potential reaches the axon terminals, causing vesicles with neurotransmitters to get released into the synapse. neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the other neuron’s dendrites

68
Q

reuptake

A

the sending neuron reabsorbs excess neurotransmitters that the receiving neuron does not absorb

69
Q

where is acetylcholine found

A

every junction between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle

70
Q

too little acetylcholine

A

associated with alzheimer’s

71
Q

how is botox related

A

it’s an acetylcholine antagonist. it inhibits acetylcholine release and prevents muscle contractions

72
Q

what happens when acetylcholine is released

A

muscle contracts

73
Q

what happens when acetylcholine is blocked

A

muscle doesn’t contract

74
Q

what does dopamine do

A

can excite and inhibit neurons. controls mood, voluntary experiences, and processing rewards

75
Q

too much dopamine

A

associated with schizophrenia

76
Q

too little dopamine

A

associated with parkinson’s

77
Q

serotonin function

A

controls mood, eating, sleeping, arousal, pain

78
Q

SSRIs

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors prevent serotonin from being reabsorbed. makes it more likely that serotonin will bind to another neuron’s receptors

79
Q

too little serotonin

A

depression may cause low production or absorption

80
Q

prozac

A

SSRI

81
Q

function of GABA

A

inhibits NS/ action potential by making inside of neuron even more negative (Cl- goes inside). facilitates sleep and reduces arousal

82
Q

how is xanax related to GABA

A

agonist. xanax works like GABA and reduces anxiety by making it harder to generate an action potential

83
Q

cortisol and epinephrine function

A

prepare body for survival/fight or flight

84
Q

place of epinephrine/cortisol production

A

pituitary gland stimulates adrenal glands to produce

85
Q

when are cortisol and epinephrine produced

A

during stress

86
Q

function of endorphins

A

reduce pain and induce pleasure

87
Q

where are endorphins produced

A

pituitary and hypothalamus

88
Q

when are endorhins released

A

exercise and sex

89
Q

how is morphine related to endorphins

A

agonist; morphine mimics endorphins to reduce pain and induce pleasure

90
Q

function of testosterone

A

physical and sexual development

91
Q

when is testosterone released

A

it increases during sex and when there are threats present

92
Q

how are steroids related to testosterone

A

some people use steroids (artificial testosterone) to increase muscle mass, etc. throws off natural balance of testosterone and estrogen and body tries to compensate

93
Q

lateralization

A

left and right hemispheres have different jobs

94
Q

left hemisphere function

A

analyze info; little elements that make up the big picture; serial events (language, reading, writing, speaking, math); speech generation

95
Q

right hemisphere function

A

synthesis; seeing the big picture; reading maps, drawing 3D objects, understanding language but not speech generation

96
Q

brain regions

A

hind brain, midbrain, forebrain, cerebral cortex

97
Q

hindbrain function

A

basic functions to sustain body

98
Q

hindbrain structures

A

brainstem and cerebellum

99
Q

brainstem function

A

breathing, heart, sneezing, salivating, vomiting

100
Q

cerebellum function

A

details of movement, balance, new motor skills

101
Q

midbrain function

A

relay info between sensory and motor areas; contains neurons with high concentration of dopamine receptors; sends messages to higher brain areas that control voluntary movement

102
Q

forebrain function

A

complex processes like emotion, memory, thinking and reasoning

103
Q

forebrain structures

A

basal ganglia, limbic system

104
Q

basal ganglia function

A

facilitates planned voluntary movement and reward processing (nucleus accumbens)

105
Q

limbic system function

A

emotion and memory

106
Q

limbic system substructures

A

amygdala (fear and memory formation of emotional events, facial recognition), hippocamus (learning and new memories), thalamus (relay sensory info to areas of the brain), hypothalamus (thermostat; regulates sex drive and food cravings w/ endocrine system)

107
Q

cerebral cortex lobes

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

108
Q

gray matter

A

axons and dendrites of neurons in cerebral cortex

109
Q

white matter

A

myelin sheath of neurons in cerebral cortex

110
Q

ventricles

A

spaces in the cerebral cortex that store and produce cerebrospinal fluid

111
Q

frontal lobe function

A

planning and regulating impulses, emotion, language production, and voluntary movement

112
Q

frontal lobe structures

A

motor cortex (generate signals to control voluntary movement), broca’s area (physical speech generation)

113
Q

evidence of damaged broca’s area

A

grammatical errors; can only say limited words and short sentences; aware that something is wrong

114
Q

parietal lobe function

A

touch, awareness, math, visio-spatial tasks; contains somatosensory cortex (detect and process sensory info from different body parts)

115
Q

right temporal parietal junction

A

manipulation can change peoples’ judgment (focus more on outcome than intent)

116
Q

temporal lobe function

A

hearing, language, higher order vision (object recognition; sensory processes

117
Q

temporal lobe substructure

A

wernickes area

118
Q

wenickes area function

A

understanding the meaning of words; signs of damage include fluent but meaningless speech (word salad), making up words or using logical but wrong words like “sickser” for doctor; unaware that there is a problem

119
Q

occipital lobe function

A

process visual info

120
Q

visual cortex and corpus calosum (split brain effects)

A

nerve fibers connecting left and right hemispheres; cutting it can prevent epileptic seizures; split brain patients can say the name of an object on their right side but only point to or draw an object on their left side

121
Q

stimulant effects

A

increase CNS activity, blood pressure, heart rate, alertness, breathing, thinking; activate fight or flight; cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine

122
Q

uses of cocaine

A

numbing toothaches

123
Q

cocaine activates…

A

CNA, fight or flight, dopamine at key receptors, release of norepinephrine and serotonin

124
Q

cocaine deactivates…

A

appetite and saliva production, dopamine reabsorption, blood flow to brain

125
Q

risks of cocaine

A

overdose, hole in roof of mouth, sinus/septum collapse, stop breathing, possible heart failure

126
Q

where are amphetamines made

A

in a lab

127
Q

amphetamines turn on…

A

CNS by increasing dopamine/ norepinephrine/ serotonin, energy and alertness (releases a ton of dopamine which causes a huge emotional letdown when they leave the body)

128
Q

effect of amphetamines in small doses

A

decreased appetite

129
Q

effect of amphetamines in large doses

A

rush of euphoria, intoxication, psychosis

130
Q

effects of meth

A

extreme fight of flight, releases 3.5x dopamine as cocaine and 6x as much as natural amount, decreased blood flow to face, jitters, tooth grinding, lack of saliva, tooth loss, meth causes so much dopamine to be released that the body destroys some dopamine receptors

131
Q

caffeine turns on…

A

release of dopamine/ norepinephrine/ serotonin, arousal and motor activity, increases heart rate

132
Q

caffeine turns off…

A

fatigue, blood flow to brain

133
Q

caffeine intoxication effects

A

restlessness, anxiety, stomach disturbance, twitching, fast heart rate, withdrawal symptoms (headache, depression, anxiety, fatigue, irritability)

134
Q

hallucinogen effects

A

change sensory perception and can cause illusions/ hallucinations

135
Q

hallucinogens

A

LSD and ecstasy

136
Q

How does LSD work

A

binds to and changes neurons that receive serotonin

137
Q

effects of LSD

A

hallucinations, strengthened visual perception, synesthesia, “bad trips”, psychosis and mood disorders

138
Q

effects of ecstasy

A

stimulant and hallucinogen, huge release of serotonin and some dopamine all at once (sudden rise and fall), immediate psychological problems like confusion, depression, anxiety; muscle tension, nausea, blurry vision, teeth grinding, increased heart rate and blood pressure; decreased natural serotonin production; decreased sweat production (lead to water poisoning and overheating); long term can decrease neuron connections

139
Q

what type of drug is cannabis

A

hallucinogen, depressant, and stimulant

140
Q

cannabis effects in low doses

A

joy, relaxation, quiet or talkative, potential anxiety, suspicion, irritation; sharper perception of sight and smell; time seems slow; distances seem large; red eyes and fast heart; increased appetite, dry mouth, dizziness

141
Q

effects in high doses

A

odd visual experiences, worry, confusion, impulsive behavior; psychotic disorders associated with more frequent cannabis use

142
Q

risks of cannabis

A

physical dependence, drug has gotten stronger over time, panic attacks (with high THC and low CBD), cognitive effects (forming new memories/hippocampus), high in tar and can cause lung disease

143
Q

2 chemicals in cannabis

A

THC and CBD

144
Q

THC effects

A

stimulant; affects frontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, mimics anandamide (natural NT that affects appetite, pain, and memory)

145
Q

CBD effects

A

anti anxiety, decreases anxiety/ psychotic events/ memory impairment fro THC, interacts with CB1 and CB2 receptors in immune system

146
Q

CB1 receptor location

A

brain areas controlling memory, body movement, vomiting; CBD affects balance, coordination, short term memory

147
Q

CB2 receptor location

A

elsewhere in the immune system

148
Q

effects of CBD activity at CB1 receptors

A

affects balance, coordination, short term memory; can treat pain, nausea, loss of appetite

149
Q

effect of CBD activity at CB2 receptors

A

not well understood but reduces immune system function, meaning marijuana can reduce inflammation from stress

150
Q

effects of depressants

A

depress the CNS and helps GABA inhibit action potentials; impairs balance and coordination; acts at dopamine and opiate receptors in the nucleus accumbens causing euphoria

151
Q

why do people act less impaired (do crazy things) if alcohol depresses the CNS

A

alcohol increases inhibitory neurotransmitters in the frontal lobe so you don’t inhibit or plan actions and impulses

152
Q

What characteristics does love have in common with addiction

A

intense focus, mood swings, cravings, obsessions, compulsions, emotional dependence, loss of self control, tolerance

153
Q

evidence of love acting as a drug

A

looking at pictures of ex romantic partners caused brain activity in the areas that control cravings and addictions (nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area)

154
Q

two stages of withdrawal

A

protest (denial) and resignation (despair)

155
Q

protest stage of withdrawal

A

understanding that you broke up but haven’t come to terms with it; elevated dopamine and norepinephrine like in abandoned animals; frustration attraction

156
Q

resignation/despair stage of withdrawal

A

reduced activity in dopamine pathways; feelings crash

PSYCH 101 (8 decks)

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