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PSYC 101 > Exam 3 - Consciousness > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

A person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind (inner + outer world) resulting from brain activity

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2
Q

Phenomenology

A

The study of how things seem to the conscious person

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3
Q

Problem of other minds

A

The fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others - so we can never know if two people experience the world in exactly the same way

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4
Q

Philosopher’s zombie

A

A hypothetical non-conscious person that could talk about experiences and even seem to react to them, but without having any experience (i.e. consciousness)

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5
Q

Can we tell whether someone is a “zombie”?

A

No, we can’t due to the problem of other minds

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6
Q

What are the two dimensions of mind perception?

A

Experience and agency

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7
Q

Experience (mind perception dimension)

A

The ability to feel pain, pleasure, hunger, etc.

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8
Q

Agency (mind perception dimension)

A

The ability for self-control, planning, memory

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9
Q

mind-body problem

A

the issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body

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10
Q

What is the order of electrical signals (for conscious movement)?

A

Brain activity begins (-525 msec), then a conscious wish to act is experienced (-204 msec), then finger movement occurs (0 msec)

i.e. Brain activity precedes conscious awareness of thought/action/desire

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11
Q

What are the five basic properties of consciousness

A 
Subjectivity
intentionality
unity
selectivity
transience
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12
Q

Intentionality

A

Quality of being directed toward an object - consciousness is always about something

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13
Q

Unity

A

Refers to the ability to integrate information from all of the body’s senses into one coherent consciousnous

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14
Q

Selectivity

A

The capacity to include some objects but not others - consciousness filters out some information while tuning in to others

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15
Q

Dichotic listening

A

A task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages presented to each ear

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16
Q

Cocktail-party phenomenon

A

A phenomenon in which people tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby

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17
Q

How does consciousness decide what to filter in and what to tune out?

A

Consciousness is inclined to select information of SPECIAL INTEREST to the person.

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18
Q

transience

A

tendency to change; Consciousness is always going from “right now” to the next “right now”

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19
Q

Why does the stream of conscious flow transiently?

A

Likely due to the limited capacity of the conscious mind - so when we get new info, our attention must change

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20
Q

Levels of consciousness

A

Distinguish the different “levels” of awareness; one is sometimes more aware at one time than another

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21
Q

Minimal consciousness

A

A low-level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behaviour

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22
Q

Example of minimal consciousness

A

Being poked while you are asleep, and turning over

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23
Q

Full onciousness

A

A level of consciousness in which you know and are able to report your mental state
i.e. thinking about things and also thinking about the fact you are thinking about things

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24
Q

Self-consciousness

A

A distinct level of consciousness which the person’s attention is drawn to the self as an object

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25
Q

Disorder of consciousness

A

When a patient (of severe brain injury) is not able to demonstrate either full consciousness or self-consciousness

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26
Q

Experience-sampling technique

A

A technique where people are asked to report their conscious experiences at particular times

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27
Q

What does the fact that humans daydream indicate?

A

It indicates that even if the mind isn’t actively doing something, the brain is still thinking about social life, self, past and future - it’s still active in the background.

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28
Q

Mental control

A

The attempt to change conscious states of mind

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29
Q

Though suppression

A

The conscious avoidance of thought

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30
Q

Rebound effect of thought suppression

A

The tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression

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31
Q

What does the rebound effect of though suppression suggest?

A

It suggests that the act of suppressing a though may itself cause that thought to return to consciousness

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32
Q

Ironic processes of mental control

A

a mental process that can produce ironic errors because monitoring for errors can itself produce them

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33
Q

What part of the brain is active during daydreaming?

A

Default network - areas of the brain that are known to be involved in thinking about social life, about the self, about the past and future

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34
Q

Dynamic unconscious

A

An active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, and the person’s inner struggle to control these forces - i.e. contains hidden thoughts

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35
Q

Who came up with the dynamic unconscious as an idea?

A

Sigmund Freud

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36
Q

What holds dynamic unconscious at bay?

A

Repression

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37
Q

What is repression?

A

A mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness and keeps them in the unconscious

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38
Q

Freudian slip

A

A speech error or lapse in consciousness - Freud argued that these errors are non-random and is made by some intelligent unconscious mind

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39
Q

Is there any validity to Sigmund Freud’s theory?

A

Freud’s prediction were not predicted in advance; these predictions can be wrong. Suggesting a pattern to a series of random events is not the same as scientifically predicting and explaining when and why an event should happen.

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40
Q

cognitive unconscious

A

All the mental processes that give rise to a person’s thoughts, choices, emotions, and behaviour even though they are not experienced by the person

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41
Q

Dual process theories

A

Theories that suggest that we have two different systems in our brains for processing information: one dedicated to fast, automatic, and unconscious processing (System 1), and the other dedicated to slow, effortful, and conscious processing (System 2)

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42
Q

Subliminal perception

A

Thought or behaviour that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving

i.e. information is being processed without conscious awareness

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43
Q

altered state of consciousness

A

A form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind.

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44
Q

hypnagogic state

A

The consciousness experience before sleep; i.e. presleep consciousness

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45
Q

hypnic jerk

A

sudden quiver or sensation of dropping

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46
Q

hypnopompic state

A

postsleep consciousness state

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47
Q

circadian rhythm

A

A naturally occurring biological 24-hour cycle

circa (Ltn.; “about”) and dies (Ltn.; day)

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48
Q

Waves that occur when you are awake?

A

Alpha and beta waves

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49
Q

Waves that appear when awake and alert?

A

Beta waves

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50
Q

Waves that appear when you are awake but drowsy and relaxed?

A

Alpha waves

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51
Q

How many sleep “stages” are there?

A

5 stages

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52
Q

What indicates the first stage of sleep? (+ duration)

A

Theta waves (waves even lower that alpha waves)
hypnagogic imagery (dream-like images)
Light sleep
5-10 minutes duration

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53
Q

What indicates the second stage of sleep?

A

Difficult to awaken, but still can
Appearances of bursts of activity (sleep spindles & K complexes, see lec. 8, slide 12)
20 min duration

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54
Q

What indicates the 3 and 4th stages of sleep?

A

slow-wave sleep; EEG shows delta waves (see lec. 8, slide 13)
30 minutes duration

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55
Q

What is the deepest stage of sleep?

A

The 3rd and 4th stages of sleep

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56
Q

REM sleep

A

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity - see high-frequency sawtooth saves (see lecture 8), looks similar to beta waves
10-20 minute duration

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57
Q

Electrooculograph (EOG)

A

An instrument that measured eye movements

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58
Q

WHen are dreams more common?

A

REM sleep but can occur at other times

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59
Q

REM sleep physical indicators?

A

sexual arousal
increase in pulse
increase in blood pressure
no muscle movement except for side-to-side eye movement

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60
Q

Which is more “wild”, REM dreams or regular dreams?

A

REM dreams

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61
Q

What does the pattern of sleep during the night look like?

A

A wave, decending and climbing the stages of sleep, peaking with REM sleep

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62
Q

How many cyles of sleep are made a night (in the usual 8-9 hours of sleep recommended

A

4-5 (note that REM periods become longer, and deeper stages of sleep become absent as the cycles continue)

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63
Q

What crucial process occurs during sleep?

A

Memory encoding - thus, sleep is required to remember learning

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64
Q

What is the most crucial stage of sleep?

A

REM

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65
Q

What happens if you are woken up during REM sleep?

A

You have memory problems, become aggresive, and also causes a “rebound” of REM sleep; forcing your body to sleep MORE REM sleep the next night you sleep

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66
Q

Deprivation from slow-wave sleep (3-4) does what?

A

Physical effects of fatigue and hypersensitivity to muscle and bone pain

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67
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep

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68
Q

What are some causes of insomnia?

A

self-induced insomnia (lifestyle choices)
response to depression, anxiety, or other condition (secondary insomnia)
no obvious causal factors (primary insomnia)

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69
Q

Irony of trying to go to sleep?

A

It becomes harder to sleep when asked to sleep; similar to the irony of mental control

70
Q

Do sleeping pills work and why/why not?

A

No; they have many problems:
Addictive (people become dependent on them to sleep)
Interfere with quality of sleep (reduced the quality)
Has side effects (ex. grogginess, irritability)
Going “cold turkey” can cause an even worse relapse of insomnia (rebound insomnia)

71
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

a disorder in which the person stops breatheing for brief periods while asleep

72
Q

Somnambulism

A

AKA sleepwalking, occurs when a person arises and walks while asleep

73
Q

When does somnambulism typically occur?

A

Early in the night, usually during slow-wave sleep

74
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities - i.e. dreaming state of sleep suddenly entered when awake, lasting 30s - 30 min

75
Q

What causes narcolepsy?

A

Appears to be genetically based

76
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

The experience of waking up unable to move

sometimes assosiated with narcolepsy

77
Q

What can occur with sleep paralysis?

A

Hypnopomic (waking up) or hypnagogic (falling asleep) hallucinations where dream content may appear to occur in the waking world

78
Q

Sleep terrors/Night terrors

A

Abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional erousal

79
Q

When do sleep/night terrors occur?

A

Most often, early in the sleep cycle in non-REM sleep

80
Q

5 major characteristics of dream consciousness?

A
  1. Feel emotion
  2. Thought is illogical (ex. time, place, people in dreams are lacking any logical flow or structure)
  3. sensation is fully formed and meaningful (so you still sense what you dream in a fully fleshed-out way)
  4. Dreaming occurs with uncritical acceptances (so you you see things as perfectly normal instead of bizzarre)
  5. You have difficulty remembering the dream after it’s over
81
Q

What are dreams made of?

A

It appears to incorporate concerns and experiences from the recent past (even things like getting water dripped on you while you sleep)

82
Q

what can cause nightmares?

A

A traumatic experience

83
Q

What is Freud’s view on dreaming?

A

Dreams represent wishes

84
Q

Manifest content

A

A dream’s apparent topic or superficial meaning

85
Q

Latent content

A

A dream’s true underlying meaning (in Freud’s theory)

86
Q

Problems with Freud’s dream theory?

A

A dream has an infinite number of potential interpretations; so it is far from a definite meaning

87
Q

Activation-synthesis model

A

Another model of dreaming that proposes that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to understand the random neural activity that occurs during sleep by synthesizing the activity w/ stored memories

88
Q

Is Freud’s dream theory wrong?

A

Not necessarily; some research has shown that we dream about things we are trying to suppress.

89
Q

What occurs in the brain when we dream?

A

The amygdala is activated (area for fear and emotion), and visual association areas are activated (but NOT visual perception, since you aren’t actually “seeing” something in dreams)

90
Q

What could be a possible explanation for the lack of logical order in dreams?

A

The fact that the prefrontal cortex is deactivated may contribute to this - esp. since it is associated w/ planning and executing actions

91
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Chemicals that influence consciousness or behaviour by altering the brain’s chemical message system

92
Q

How do drugs work in general?

A

They work by either increasing the a neurotransmitter’s activity (agonist) or decreasing it (antagonist)

93
Q

Serotonin

A

regulates sleep & wakefulness, eating etc

• Low levels are associated with sad and anxious moods

94
Q

Dopamine

A

regulates motor behaviour, motivation, pleasure & emotional arousal

95
Q

GABA

A

primary inhibitory neurotransmitter.
• Widely distributed in the brain. The inhibitory activity balances out the excitatory activity
• Not enough can cause seizures

96
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

regulates motor control between nerves and muscles
• Makes the muscles contract or relax.
• Also learning, memory, sleeping dreaming

97
Q

How to drugs alter neurotransmitter function?

A

Either:
Prevent them from binding
Inhibiting their re-uptake
Enhancing their binding and transmission

98
Q

What are the three primary factors in drug addiction?

A

Drug tolerance
Physical dependence
Psychological dependence

99
Q

Drug tolerance

A

The tendency for larger doses of a drug to be required over time to achieve the same effect

100
Q

Physical dependence

A

Because withdrawal can cause pain, convulsions, hallucinations, and other physical symptoms, people would still take drugs to avoid those symptoms of withdrawal

101
Q

Example of “physical dependence”?

A

Caffeine headache; a headache people complain about if they didn’t have their morning coffee.

102
Q

Psychological dependence

A

A strong emotional desire to return to the drug even when physical withdrawal symptoms are gone.

103
Q

What does drug addiction reveal about humans?

A

We tend to be unable to look past the immediate consequences of our behaviour and see the long-term consequences - drugs may be fun in the short term, but really mess you up with the long-term.

104
Q

Do all people who use drugs become addicted?

A

Not necessarily. Case study: many American soldiers who served in Vietnam used heroin while there. When they come back, on 12% remained addicted.

105
Q

Does what is consider “addiction” defined?

A

No; it can change with culture. Things like alcohol or caffeine is not considered an “addiction” in today’s society. Similarly, heroin used to be considered medication a century or so ago. Lastly, there are social definitions of “addiction” such as “workaholic” or “chocoholic” or “sex addict”.

106
Q

What are the 5 categories of drugs?

A

Depressants, stimulants, narcotics, hallucinogens, and marijuana

107
Q

Depressants

A

Substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system

108
Q

Examples of depressants?

A

Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and toxic inhalants (ex. glue, gasoline)

109
Q

Effects of depressants?

A

Have sedative effect; induce sleep in high dosages, and can arrest breathing in extremely high doses.

Can produce physical and psychological dependence

110
Q

Alcohol’s initial effects?

A

Euphoria, reduced anxiety

stimulating effect at low doses

111
Q

Alcohol’s later effects? (after a larger dose)

A

Drunkenness:

  • slowed reactions (inhibitory effects)
  • slurred speech
  • poor judgement
  • reduces thought and action (disinhibitor effect)

(depressant effects at higher dosage)

112
Q

What neurotransmitter does alcohol effect?

A

Alcohol increases GABA activity, thus stopping the firing of other neurons.

113
Q

What are the two theories that are offered to explain the variable effects of alcohol from person to person?

A

Expectancy theory

Alcohol myopia

114
Q

Expectancy theory

A

The idea that alcohol effects can be produced by people’s expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations

115
Q

Balanced placebo design

A

A study design in which behaviour is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absence of a placebo stimulus

116
Q

What does the balanced placebo design show?

A

The design shows that the belief that one has consumed alcohol can influence behaviour as strongly as the ingestion of alcohol itself

i.e. the placebo effect is just as strong as the ingestion of alcohol itself

117
Q

Alcohol myopia

A

A condition that results when alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations.
(*This is a theory)
i.e. you don’t think straight and misjudge situations, resulting in inappropriate behaviour

118
Q

Stimulants

A

Substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels

119
Q

Examples of stimulants?

A

Caffeine, amphetamines, nicotine, cocaine, modafinil, Ectasy

120
Q

Norepinephrine

A

state of vigilance, arousal and attention

121
Q

What do stimulants do in the mind?

A

They increase the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine (agonist) and thus increase alertness and energy in user (confidence and “get it done” attitude.)

122
Q

What dependence occurs, if any, with stimulants?

A

Physical and psychological dependence; along w/ depressive effects during withdrawal (ex. fatigue, negative emotions)

123
Q

Ecstasy (AKA MDMA)

-Effects?

A

Stimulant w/ hallucinogenic effects
- makes users feel “empathic” and “close” to those around them
Side effects:
-jaw clenching
-interfering with body temperature regulation

124
Q

Ecstasy (AKA MDMA)

-risks?

A

Can lead to some dependence (but not as likely as other drugs to cause physical and psychological dependence)

Impurities in drugs are dangerous

Potentially toxic effect of serotonin neurons, leading to problems with mood, attention, and impulse control

125
Q

Ecstasy (AKA MDMA)

-Where is it from?

A

amphetamine derivative

126
Q

Anandamide

A

NT involved in the regulation of mood, memory, appetite, and pain perception

127
Q

Narcotics (or opiates)

A

Highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain

128
Q

What do Narcotics in general do?

A

Induces feeling of well being and relaxation while inducing stupor and lethargy (and reduce pain)

129
Q

Are narcotics addictive?

A

Yes; produces tolerance and dependence - reduces effectiveness of endorphins made by the body. Withdrawal symptoms present

130
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Drugs that alter sensation and perception, and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations

131
Q

What do narcotics mimic?

A

Endorphins (endogenous opioids, or opioids produced by the bod), by binding to receptors

132
Q

Are hallucinogens addictive?

A

They are unlikely to be addictive; it is more of a sensory experience that became a cultural trend

133
Q

Marijuana (or cannabis)

A

The leaves and buds of the hemp plant, which contain a psychoactive drug called tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

134
Q

What does marijuana do?

A 
Produce a mildly hallucinogenic intoxication that is "euphoric"
heightened sense of sight and sound
perception of a rush of ideas
Affects judgement and short-term memory
impairs motor skills and coordination

Long-term use associated w/ smaller hippocampus and amygdala

135
Q

What does THC mimic? (NT)

A

Anandamide

136
Q

Is marijuana addictive? (addiction potential)

A

Not strong;
tolerance does not seem to develop
physical withdrawal symptoms minimal
Psychological dependence is POSSIBLE

considered a gateway drug

137
Q

Gateway drug

A

A drug whose use increases the risk of the subsequent use of more harmful drugs

138
Q

Hypnosis

A

A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) makes suggestions that lead to a change in another person’s (the subject’s) subjective experience of the world

139
Q

post-hypnotic amnesia

A

the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget

140
Q

hypnotic analgesia

A

the reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis

141
Q

Stroop test

A

classic psychological test in which a person is asked to name the colour of words on a page

142
Q

How does hypnosis change the brain activity of someone engaged in the Stroop task?

A

People under hypnosis are seem to have their anterior cingulate cortex (brain area involved in conflict monitoring) to essentially not be activated.

143
Q

Subjectivity

A

The quality of conciousness where the experience is private and your own; only you can have such an experience in the way you experience it

144
Q

Is the brain separate from consciousness?

A

NO, they are the same. When we talk about consciousness, we only can experience it (but w/o knowing the biological side)

145
Q

Areas of awareness

A

A central theme where awareness of different aspects of the world is associated with activity in different parts of the brain (ex. temporal lobe for hearing, parietal for space, prefrontal for planning, etc.). The unity of each part creates consciousness

146
Q

Locked-in syndrome

A

“Being buried alive”; you see all the sights around you and hear every noise, but cannot respond physically to these sights and noises

147
Q

Unresponsive wakefulness syndrome

A

Full coma that lasts more than a month

AKA vegetative state - no consciousness

148
Q

Neurophenomenology

A

Combining first person (subjective) and third person (objective) methods to understand consciousness

149
Q

Sleep

A

A state of altered consciousness

150
Q

3 key “players” in sleep regulation?

A

Melatonin
Pineal gland
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN

151
Q

Melatonin

A

Sleep-regulating hormone

152
Q

Pineal gland

A

Produces melatonin

153
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

A part of the hypothalamus that maintains the circadian rhythm and regulates the sleep-wake cycle

154
Q

Describe how we feel awake and tired, with reference to the SCN, the pineal gland, and melatonin

A

With light: SCN suppreses pineal gland’s melatonin release

NO light: SCN lets pineal gland produce melatonin - feel sleepy

155
Q

How is sleep studied?

A

By measuring the eletrical activity in the brain (brain wave activity), eye movements, and muscle tension

156
Q

Why sleep?

A

Restor immune system and repairs brain tissue
Consolidates memories - replays memories and encodes them (also helps learning, since it gives time to consolidate learning)
Fuels creativity - helps you think of solutions to complex problems
Supports growth processes - bodily growth occurs w/ release of growth hormone by pituitary gland during sleep

157
Q

Restoratative theory

A

A theory that states sleep allows the body to rest and repair itself

158
Q

Kleine-Levin Syndrome

A

“Sleeping Beauty disorder” - disorder characterized by excessive sleep

159
Q

What features are in REM dreams?

A

Bizarre dreams
Intense emotions
visual and auditory hallucinations
uncritical acceptance of illogical events

160
Q

Why are REM dreams more bizarre than non-REM dreams?

A

Brain structure associated w/ motivation, emotion (limbic system), reward, and vision are active; whereas non-REM dreams have deactivation of the brain (mostly)

Prefrontal cortices are inactive, explaining the uncritical acceptance of the illogical aspects of the dream

161
Q

Addiction

A

The compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviours (ex. gambling) despite known adverse consequences

162
Q

How can biology influence drug use?

A

Genetic predisoposition

Variation in NT systems

163
Q

How can psychological influences lead to drug use?

A

Lacking a sense of purpose
Signficant stress
Psychological disorders (ex. depression

164
Q

How can social-cultural influences lead to drug use?

A

Difficult environment
Cultural acceptance of drug use (easier to do if others are)
Negative peer influences

165
Q

Do men or women get more influenced by alcohol?

A

Women feel alcohol’s effects more heavily

166
Q

Insula

A

Region located in the cerebral cortex that appears to play a role in craving

167
Q

What neurotransmitters do hallucinogens affect?

A

Serotonin (LSD), glutamate (PCP)

168
Q

Glutamate

A

primary excitatory neurotransmitter.
• Aids learning and memory by enhancing synaptic connections.
• Too much can cause seizures

169
Q

How do stimulants affect the body?

A

Excite neural activity, speeds up body functions
Causes dilation of pupils, rise in blood sugar, and drop in appetite
Often increases energy and self-confidence (feeling of euphoria)

170
Q

Cocaine

-what is it?

A

Stimulant

171
Q

Cocaine

- How does it affect the body? (physiological effect)

A

increased alertness, confidence, sociability

Excess use lead to paranoia, psychotic behaviour, violence

172
Q

Cocaine

-What neurotransmitter does it effect and how?

A

Increases the concentration of dopamine at synapses (by blocking reuptake)

PSYC 101 (7 decks)

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