Exam 1 - Ch. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Demand characteristics

A

aspects of an observational setting that cause
people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects

A problem w/ Descriptive studies

E.g. Participant tries to be helpful and gives the answer that they think the experimenter wants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Observer bias

A

Systematic errors in observations that occur because of
an observer’s expectations
-“Expectation influences reality”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

double-blind observation

A

The experimental
condition is hidden from both the observer
and the person being observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Variable

A

Something that can vary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Correlational studies

A

examine how variables are related
-cannot establish casual relationship
described by correlational coefficient “r”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Correlation issues

A
  • They do not generalize

- correlation does NOT mean causation (again no strength in creating casual relationships)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Directionality problem

A

There’s an ambiguity in the direction of causality
in a correlational relationship.
(i.e. does variable A cause B, or does variable B cause A)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Empiricism

A

Belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Scientific method

A

a procedure for finding facts by using empirical

evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Theory

A

hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What makes a good theory?

A

Falsifiable
Parsimonious (AKA simple)
Supported with Data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Occam’s razor

A

as long as a simple theory describes the data, there is

little need to develop more complex theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hypothesis

A

a specific, testable prediction, narrower than the theory it is based on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Replication

A

Doing something again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is research needed?

A

Some observations are not possible
• (e.g. germs are too small but they are there)

  • Observations are not always reliable or we see things incorrectly
  • (e.g. horse galloping)
  • Some observations are false
  • (e.g. earth appears to be flat)

• People disagree on their observations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Problems specific to human research

A

Complexity : people are complicated

  • Variability : people have lots of variations
  • Reactivity : People act differently when the know that they are being observed (Hawthorne effect)
17
Q

Hawthorn effect

A

presence of an observer may alter the behaviour being

observed

18
Q

Descriptive research

A

involves observing and objectively describing
behaviour

  • Describes a phenomenon, may generate predictions
  • Researcher does not have control, and cannot provide an explanation for the phenomenon.
  • Limited ability to describe behaviour and predict future behaviour
19
Q

Examples of Descriptive research

A

A) Case study : an examination of a single unusual person or organization
-not generalizable

B) Naturalistic observation: systematic coding of overt behaviour of people in their natural environment
-E.g. hungry shoppers buy more impulse items (Gilbert et al. 2002)

C) Self-reports and interviews : directly asks people about themselves, thoughts, actions and feelings
ex. Surveys, interviews

20
Q

Third variable problem

A

Instead of variable A producing variable B, it is

possible that a third variable, C, is responsible for both A and B

21
Q

Spurious correlation

A

A correlational relationship where a connection between two variables that appears causal but is not.
-Due to the 3rd variable problem

22
Q

Controls for 3rd variable issue

A

Matched sample technique : participants in two groups are identical in terms of a third variable.

Matched pairs technique : each participant is identical to one other participant in terms of a third variable.

*You still can only control one

23
Q

So why use correlation?

A
  • Correlation studies are used for ethical reasons
  • Unethical to get people to start smoking or drive while testing
  • Correlation allows predictions to be generated
24
Q

Experiment

A
researcher manipulates (changes) one variable to measure the effect on the second variable
Needed to establish casual effects
25
Independent variable
the variable that gets manipulated
26
Dependent variable
the variable that gets measured
27
Operational definition
qualify (describe) and quantify (measure) | variables so the variables can be understood objectively
28
Instrument
measures the dependent variable
29
What makes a good measurement?
Validity : the measurement is objective. Reliability : the instrument produces similar measurements every time it measures the same thing Power : the instrument can detect even small differences in magnitudes of the measurement
30
Between-group design
2 seperate groups * Experimental group : participants receive treatment * Comparison (control) group : participants do not receive the treatment
31
Within-group (Repeated measures) design
* Participant acts as their own control | * Each participant receives both treatment and control
32
Confound
anything that affects the DV that may unintentionally vary between the study’s different experimental conditions *IN AN EXPERIMENT ONLY