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NUTRITION > Exam 3 - Chpt 9-11 > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Chpt 9-11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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2
Q

What do fat-soluble vitamins require for abspt?

A

Bile and dietary fat

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3
Q

How are these vitamins transported?

A

W/ fats through lymphatic system in chylomicrons

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4
Q

Are these vits stored? Where?

A

Yes, in body fat (adipose tissue)

>Thus intake can vary w/o risk of deficiency

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5
Q

How do fat soluble vitamins compare to water soluble?

A

Not easily excreted, unlike water soluble vitamins

>Ppl should not take supplements high in these vitamins

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6
Q

What are pre-made/preformed vit A called? Is it active or inactive? Toxic?

A

Retinoids: retinol, retinal, retinoic acid
Active (usable)
May be toxic

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7
Q

Where are retinoids found?

A

Animal foods

>Liver, eggs, fortified into dairy, fish

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8
Q

What is the provitamin/precursor form of Vit A? Is it active or inactive? Toxic?

A

Carotenoids
Inactive
Non-toxic

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9
Q

Where are carotenoids found?

A

Plants → Yellow, orange, red fruits and veggies
>More color, more carotenoids
• Frozen and canned > retail fresh

> > Carrots, red bell peppers, cantaloupe

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10
Q

What is Retinoid fxn?

A

> Key role in night vision
Cell differentiation and growth

“needed for vision (retinal), and for growth and differentiation of cells (retinoic acid)”

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11
Q

What is Retinoic Acid used for?

A

used topically to treat certain skin conditions (e.g. acne)
>Vit A is a key component
>Helps cells divide more rapidly, clearing old cells

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12
Q

What is fxn of Carotenoids?

A

Decrease cancer risk and prevent macular de-generation

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13
Q

How are preformed and precursor forms of Vit A transformed in digestive tract?

A

> Preformed → Retinol transformed into Retinal
Precursor → Beta-carotene transformed into Retinal in liver and intestinal mucosa

> > Retinal is converted to Retinoic Acid, can’t covert back

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14
Q

What is Vit A role in Visual Cycle?

A

> Vit A is a component of Rhodopsin (retinal + opsin)
When light strikes rhodopsin, a nerve impulse is sent to brain so light is perceived.
When Vit A is deficient, there is delay in regeneration of rhodpsin that causes difficulty seeing in dim light (night blindness)
—
When light hits, Retinal molecule changes molecular form
»Bent (cis) → straight (trans)
»Signals to brain that there’s light

> Retinal breaks away from opsin → brain perceives light
»Retinal is lost in cycle
»Need more to form Rhodopsin
»If insufficient Retinal, eyes have difficulty adjusting to dark

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15
Q

What is Vit A role in Gene Expression and Cell Differentiation ?

A

Vit A has a role in directing which genes are transcribed and translated to create diff kinds of proteins
>Impt in early development and growth

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16
Q

What is relationship btwn Vit A and Keratin?

A

Vit A helps w/ turnover of cells in eye that help w/ moisture and lubrication
>W/ insufficient Vit A, body creates Keratin, which leads to a hard and dry layer in the eye

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17
Q

Symptoms of Vit A Deficiency?

A

> Night blindness
If severe: permanent blindness
Xerophathalmia – lack of mucous synthesis
»Keratin on the eye

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18
Q

Causes and symptoms of Vit A Toxicity (each form)?

A

Retinoids – can increase risk of bone fractures and birth defects
>Vit A supplements linked to hip fractures

Carotenoids – not toxic, but high intake can cause
>Hypercarotenemia: orange hue in skin, benign
>Birth defects

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19
Q

What are dietary and other sources of Vit D? Essential?

A

Vit D = “sunshine vitamin” → Produced in skin by exposure to UV light
>Found in eggs, fatty fish (salmon), and milk (fortified dairy products)

**Only conditionally essential in diet if you’re not producing enough through skin

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20
Q

What is active form of Vit D?

A

Vit D3, or Cholecalciferol

Modified in liver and then activated in kidney

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21
Q

Vit D toxicity?

A

May be toxic at high lvls
>Flynn – toxicity not thought to be issue, even w/ supplementation

Book info:
>High blood and urine Ca2+ concentrations
>Depositing of Ca2+ in blood vessels and kidneys, cardiovascular damage, possibly death

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22
Q

Vit D fxns?

A

> Bone health–maintains lvls of Ca2+ and P in blood that favor bone mineralization w/ calcium phosphate
Normal fxning of parathyroid gland
Regulation of immune system

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23
Q

How is Vit D synthesized? Where is it activated?

A

Light converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to Vit D3 → activated in liver, then kidney

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24
Q

Is dietary Vit D3 active or inactive?

A

Inactive

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25
Q

How does Vit D affect Ca2+ Abspt? PTH?

A

> Increases abspt of dietary Ca2+ through normalizing parathyroid gland
Vit D works w/ parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase Ca2+ retention at kidney, increase release at bone, and increase abspt at intestine

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26
Q

Symptoms of Vit D deficiency?

A

> Dietary Ca2+ can’t be absorbed efficiently
Improper bone mineralization
Abnormalities in bone structure
Cancer potential for all ages

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27
Q

Vit D deficiency in CHILDREN?

A

RICKETS=Bowed legs and abnormal ribs

>Has increased overtime bc children wearing more sunscreen and covered up

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28
Q

Vit D deficiency in ADULTS?

A

OSTEOMALACIA=Bone pain, muscle aches, increase in bone fractures

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29
Q

How does Vit E exist in food?

A

In 8 forms/isomers – we can’t absorb all forms

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30
Q

What form of Vit E is the ONLY form we can absorb and USE in the body?

A

Alpha-tocopherol

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31
Q

Why is Vit E requirement so high?

A

Req assumes veg oil intake

>Vit E is added to keep veg oils (high in polyunsat fats) from oxidizing

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32
Q

Causes and symptoms of Vit E deficiency in premature infants?

A

Mother doesn’t transfer Vit E to fetus until 37weeks
>Can result in hemolytic anemia (rupture of RBCs)
>Same symptoms as Fe and Vit B6 deficiency

> Deficiency is rare bc vit E is plentiful in food supply and stored in many body tissues

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33
Q

What are some dietary sources of Vit E?

A

EVOO, Soybean oil, Nuts and seeds

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34
Q

What are some fxns of Vit E?

A

> Antioxidant–Protects against cell damage by neutralizing free radicals that cause oxidative damage
»Vit E donates one of its e- to free radical → impairs further Vit E activity → VIT C can restore Vit E by replacing e-

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35
Q

Vit E in supplements vs in food?

A

> Supplement–no benefit, and some studies show Vit E supplements increase disease and hemorrhagic stroke risk
In food–not toxic

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36
Q

Benefits of Vit E in EVOO?

A

EVOO is highest in alpha tocophorol and monounsat fat

>More Vit E available to body than in other veg oils bc its low in polyunsat fat

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37
Q

Primary fxn of Vit K?

A

Blood clotting (“Koagulation”/coagulation)

38
Q

1st form of Vit K? Dietary sources?

A

> Phylloquinone

>Plants: Leafy greens (spinach, kale, broccoli)

39
Q

2nd form of Vit K? Dietary sources?

A

> Menaquinone

>Animal foods (and synthesized by gut bacteria): Liver, salmon

40
Q

Symptoms of Vit K deficiency?

A

Major symptom: Abnormal blood coagulation
>Discovered when cattle were given fat-free diet, cows bleeding to death bc couldn’t absorb Vit K w/o fat
>Almost no Vit K is transferred from mother to fetus → newborns are routinely given Vit K injections at birth to prevent blood clotting disorders

Very rare in US

41
Q

What is Vit K blood clotting process?

A

**Vit K is part of clotting cascade→Series of rxns involving clotting factors, several of which require Vit K for formation

Vit K is coenzyme needed for produxn of prothrombin, other blood-clotting factors, and several proteins involved in bone formation and breakdown
>Prothrombin (requires Vit K for its formation and subsequent conversion to Thrombin) → Thrombin → Fibrinogen (requires Thrombin for conversion to Fibrin) → Fibrin

42
Q

Vit K Toxicity?

A

problem if you take supplements, less risk in diet

- Bc vit K fxns in blood clotting, high doses can interfere w/ anticoagulant drugs, e.g. Coumadin

43
Q

What is Vit K impt for, other than coagulation?

A

Bone health
>Used in laying down healthy, new bone
>Unlike other fat-soluble vitamins, body uses vit K rapidly, so a constant supply is necessary

44
Q

What is relationship btwn Vit K and Coumadin? Past v now?

A

> Coumadin (warfarin) =anticoagulation medicine
Vit K interferes (role in clotting)
»In past: patient told not to eat Vit K containing veggies
»Newer thought: Vit K containing veggies daily, adjust med to diet

45
Q

Why is too much clotting dangerous?

A

Risk of heart disease and stroke
Clots can break off and
>travel to brain → stroke
>travel to heart → heart attack

46
Q

How much of the blood is composed of water? Blood fxns?

A

90%

  • Transports O2 and nutrients to cells
  • Removes CO2 and waste products
47
Q

What are direct fxns of water in the body?

A
  • *Lubricant, cleanser, cushion against shock
  • Tears–wash away dirt in eye
  • Synovial fluid–lubricates joints
  • Saliva–assists in chewing, tasting, swallowing
  • Spinal fluid–protects again shock

> Assists in regulating body temp (e.g. sweat)
Part of metabolic rxns—we make water at end of ETC
Helps maintain acid-base balance

48
Q

Danger of overhydration? Low vs high water intake?

A

> Can lead to hyponatremia (low sodium in blood), which can result in abnormal fluid accumulation in body tissues
»Marathon concern

> Low intake—antidiuretic hormone will cause kidney to conserve water
High—more water excreted in urine

49
Q

Our need for water is dependent on what 3 dietary factors? How?

A

> Protein, sodium, and fiber
»higher consumption increases water needs

> [Waste product from protein = urea]

50
Q

What are the 3 principle electrolytes?

A

Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-)

Positively and negatively charges ions

51
Q

What is distribution of principle electrolytes relative to cell?

A

[remember: 3Na out/2K in]
>Na—main mineral OUTSIDE cell
>K—main mineral INSIDE cell
>Cl—exists w/ Na+ outside cell as salt, NaCl

> > > If eat a lot of sodium food (high Na+ outside of cell), you draw water out of cell = raises BP

52
Q

What are causes of K+ deficiency?

A

> Related to fluid loss and medications

> “Low levels can occur when water and electrolyte losses are increased due to excessive sweating, chronic diarrhea or vomiting, or kidney disorders.”

53
Q

Toxicity of K+?

A

> Caused by supplements
Leads to renal disease
»Can shut down heart

54
Q

Toxicity of Na+? Dietary sources?

A

> Leads to high BP (hypertension/HTN)
»Rare (bc fluid usually compensates when you consume too much Na+)

**Main food sources of Na+ in diet:
-Processed food
-Packaged food (canned)
-Fast food
[not adding salt to food]

55
Q

What is HTN? Dangers?

A

Increase in the pressure of the blood against the arterial walls (too much pressure on arteries)
>No outward symptoms but can lead to heart and kidney diseases
-
>Can damage arteries
>Atherosclerosis
>Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) → stroke

56
Q

Risk factors for HTN?

A 
>Obesity
>Aging
>Diabetes – (bc insulin affects kidney)
>Lack of physical activity
>Poor diet (high Na+, low K+)
>Genetics, ethnicity, smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, stress
57
Q

Treatment of HTN?

A

Decrease Na+ in diet

58
Q

What is the DASH diet?

A

DASH=Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

**Increasing K+ intake by eating fruits and vegetables to lower BP

59
Q

What is 1 serving of fruits or vegetables?

A

1/2 cup

60
Q

How many servings of fruits and veg recommended for lowering BP?

A

9

61
Q

What would a typical day on DASH diet look like?

A

> Fruit at breakfast

>Vegetables at lunch and dinner

62
Q

Definition of minerals

A

Nutrients needed by the body in small amounts for health and maintenance

63
Q

Sources of minerals?

A

unprocessed foods, some processed foods(fortified) and dietary supplements
>Soil and water mineral concentration affects nutrition quality/content of some foods

64
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

Amount of minerals in a food that is ABSORBED and AVAILABLE to the body

65
Q

What influences bioavailability?

A

Phytates, tannins, oxalates, and fiber ⇒Tend to be high in plant products
>Minerals from plant foods are LESS bioavailable than animal

66
Q

What are major sources of tannins? How do tannins affect bioavailability?

A

> Black tea and red wine

>Hinder abspt of Ca++

67
Q

What are major sources of oxalates? How do oxalates affect bioavailability?

A

> Tree nuts, soy, chocolate

>Bind Ca++

68
Q

How does fiber affect bioavailability?

A

Traps minerals

69
Q

How does body’s need of a mineral affect abspt?

A

The more deficient, the greater the abspt of that mineral

70
Q

What is mineral to mineral competition?

A

W/ supplements, Ca2+, Mg, Fe, and Cu all complete for same transport mechanisms

71
Q

What is fxn of minerals?

A

> Help regulate body processes, often as cofactors

|&raquo_space;>Mineral cofactor combines w/ inactive enzyme to form active enzyme

72
Q

What is Ca2+? Dietary sources?

A

> Most abundant mineral in body, 1-2% of adult body weight
Provides structure to bones and teeth and has impt regulatory roles

> Dairy, fish w/ bones, leafy green veggies, fortified foods

73
Q

How is Ca2+ absorbed?

A

> Passive diffusion → need high concentration gradient of Ca2+
Active trnspt → w/o gradient, Vit D3 is critical to help transfer Ca2+ across cell membranes

> abspt is highest pre-puberty

74
Q

What factors increase and decrease bioavailability of Ca2+?

A

Increase—presence of vit D, acidic foods, lactose, and fat

Decrease—iron, tannins, fiber, phytates, and oxalates

75
Q

What is role of Ca2+ in the body?

A

> 99% is found in solid mineral deposits in the bones and teeth
»Pre-puberty is time of greatest Ca2+ deposition

> Remaining 1% is found in intracellular fluid, blood, and extracellular fluid
»Role in cell communication, nerve transmission, mscl contractions, blood pressure regulation and release of hormones

76
Q

What is osteoporosis? Reversible?

A

a condition in which LOSS OF BONE mass increases risk of bone fractures
>Not reversible

77
Q

Risks factors for osteoporosis?

A

risk is related to lvl of peak bone mass and rate of bone loss

> older age
gender (women greater)
diet—Ca2+ is main mineral in bone, but no data showing that intake after pre-puberty will prevent or treat osteo
low physical activity

78
Q

What factors increase Ca2+ loss in urine?

A

> Meat/poultry/seafood metabolism
High Na+ intake
Low plant product intake (K+ prevents loss)

79
Q

Problems w/ Ca2+ Supplements

A

> Has been related to kidney stones in women

>Blocks abspt of other minerals: Fe, Mg, Cu

80
Q

What is Phosphorus (P)? Percentage in body?

A

> Makes up ~1% of an adult’s body
»85% of P in body is found in bones + teeth
More readily absorbed than Ca2+
Impt component of molecules w/ structural or regulatory roles

81
Q

Symptoms of phosphorus deficiency?

A

Bone loss, weakness, and loss of appetite

>Rare bc it’s abundant in most foods and more easily absorbed than other minerals

82
Q

Phosphorus toxicity?

A

Toxicity thought to be rare, can lead to bone reabspt

> Daily cola (high soda intake) = increase in bone fractures in adolescent girls, hip fractures in post-menopausal women

83
Q

What is Magnesium (Mg)? Percentage in body?

A

> 50-60% in body is found in bone
»Essential for maintenance of structure

> Present INSIDE cells, where it’s 2nd most abundant intracellular ion, after K+

> Cofactor for over 300 enzymes
»Metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients

> affects metabolism of Ca2+, Na+, and K+

84
Q

Dietary sources of Mg?

A

> Component of chlorophyll

|&raquo_space;>Leafy greens, nuts, seeds, bran

85
Q

What are risk factors for Mg deficiency?

A

Rare, but risk is high w/ high alcohol consumption or general malnourishment

86
Q

What are symptoms of Mg deficiency?

A
  • Nausea
  • Mscl weakness and cramping
  • Mental derangement
  • Changes in BP and heartbeat
87
Q

Mg toxicity?

A

Rare, no adverse effects observed from food

> Some toxicity from supplements observed, esp among elderly

88
Q

What are sources of sulfur? Recommended daily intake?

A

> Protein-containing foods and sulfur-containing AAs in vitamins (THYMINE, BIOTIN)
Nonfood additives, e.g. sulfur dioxide, sodium sulfite, and sodium bisulfite
No recommended daily intake

89
Q

What is sulfur’s role in body?

A

Sulfur-containing AAs, such as methionine and cysteine, are needed for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
>need in energy metabolism and in regulation of pH balance

90
Q

Causes and symptoms of Ca2+ deficiency?

A

> Causes: Low intake or high loss in urine
»Normal blood lvls are maintained by resorbing Ca2+ from bone, resulting in Ca2+ LOSS FROM BONE
-Deficiency can reduce bone mass and increase risk of osteoporosis

91
Q

Symptoms of excessive Ca2+?

A
  • Kidney stones,
  • constipation,
  • raise blood Ca2+ lvls,
  • interfere w/ abst of other minerals, like iron

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