Exam 3 (Chapters 9-12) Flashcards
idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed
conservation
adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known
assimilation
biological, chemical, or physical environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus
teratogen
Sigmund Freud believes personality develops when?
early childhood
First developmental task in Erikson’s theory
trust vs. mistrust
First stage in Piaget’s developmental theory
sensorimotor
What is the effect of authoritarian parenting style on children?
anxious, withdrawn, unhappy
motivation that arises from external factors or rewards
extrinsic
simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, while complex tasks are best performed when arousal is lower
Yerkes-Dodson law
facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions
facial feedback hypothesis
Need for ________ refers to maintaining
positive relationships with others.
affiliation
The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.
ectomorph
________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.
heritability
someone’s level of confidence in their own abilities
self-efficacy
common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next
collective unconscious
unconscious protective behaviors designed to reduce ego anxiety
defense mechanisms
refers to a person’s feelings that they lack worth and don’t measure up to others’ or
to society’s standards
inferiority complex
aspect of personality that consists of our most primitive drives or urges, including impulses for hunger, thirst, and sex
id
aspect of the personality that serves as one’s moral compass, or conscience
superego
aspect of personality that represents the self, or the part of one’s personality that is visible to others
ego
combination of masculine and feminine characteristics into an ambiguous form
androgynous
The id operates on the ________ principle
pleasure
Temperament refers to ________.
inborn, genetically based personality differences
personality assessment in which a person responds to ambiguous stimuli, revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires
projective test
ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve
just world hypothesis
situation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress
bystander effect
seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that
is inconsistent with our stereotypes
confirmation bias
tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group
diffusion of responsibility
preference for our own group over other groups
in-group bias
act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from
obtaining a goal
scapegoating
specific beliefs or assumptions about individuals based solely on their membership in a
group, regardless of their individual characteristics
stereotype
