Exam 3 (Chapters 9-12)

Question 1

idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed

Answer 1

conservation

Question 2

adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known

Answer 2

assimilation

Question 3

biological, chemical, or physical environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus

Answer 3

teratogen

Question 4

Sigmund Freud believes personality develops when?

Answer 4

early childhood

Question 5

First developmental task in Erikson’s theory

Answer 5

trust vs. mistrust

Question 6

First stage in Piaget’s developmental theory

Answer 6

sensorimotor

Question 7

What is the effect of authoritarian parenting style on children?

Answer 7

anxious, withdrawn, unhappy

Question 8

motivation that arises from external factors or rewards

Answer 8

extrinsic

Question 9

simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, while complex tasks are best performed when arousal is lower

Answer 9

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 10

facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions

Answer 10

facial feedback hypothesis

Question 11

Need for ________ refers to maintaining

positive relationships with others.

Answer 11

affiliation

Question 12

The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.

Answer 12

ectomorph

Question 13

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

Answer 13

heritability

Question 14

someone’s level of confidence in their own abilities

Answer 14

self-efficacy

Question 15

common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next

Answer 15

collective unconscious

Question 16

unconscious protective behaviors designed to reduce ego anxiety

Answer 16

defense mechanisms

Question 17

refers to a person’s feelings that they lack worth and don’t measure up to others’ or
to society’s standards

Answer 17

inferiority complex

Question 18

aspect of personality that consists of our most primitive drives or urges, including impulses for hunger, thirst, and sex

Answer 18

id

Question 19

aspect of the personality that serves as one’s moral compass, or conscience

Answer 19

superego

Question 20

aspect of personality that represents the self, or the part of one’s personality that is visible to others

Answer 20

ego

Question 21

combination of masculine and feminine characteristics into an ambiguous form

Answer 21

androgynous

Question 22

The id operates on the ________ principle

Answer 22

pleasure

Question 23

Temperament refers to ________.

Answer 23

inborn, genetically based personality differences

Question 24

personality assessment in which a person responds to ambiguous stimuli, revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires

Answer 24

projective test

Question 25

ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

Answer 25

just world hypothesis

Question 26

situation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress

Answer 26

bystander effect

Question 27

seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes

Answer 27

confirmation bias

Question 28

tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group

Answer 28

diffusion of responsibility

Question 29

preference for our own group over other groups

Answer 29

in-group bias

Question 30

act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal

Answer 30

scapegoating

Question 31

specific beliefs or assumptions about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics

Answer 31

stereotype