Exam 3: Chapters 7,8,9 Flashcards
Genome
One set of complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism
Set of genetic instructions encoded in DNA
Chromosome
Single DNA molecule wrapped around proteins
Gene (3)
- instructions to make: ______
- are found in:_____
- Instructions to make proteins
- genes are found in chromosomes
- where proteins come from
Locus
The specific position of a gene on a given chromosome
Denaturation
When a protein lose its function
Gene expression **
- Synthesis of a protein of a gene (limited)
- each cell only expresses (makes) the gene that it needs
Transgenic organism **
Organisms that have been genetically modified to contain genes from other species
- made from spiders
Tissue
An organized group of different cell types that work together to carry out a particular function
Organ
Group of tissues that perform a specific function
Organ system
Functionally related group of organs
Chromatin
Chromosomes LOOSELY gathered in the nucleus
Centromere
Where mitosis takes place
Mitosis **
- division of _____ ______
- _____ are evenly _____
- ________ are _______
- takes place in the _____
Phases include (4)
- division of nuclear contents
- chromosomes are evenly divided
- sister chromatids are separated
- takes place in the centromere
Phases include:
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
Cytokinesis
- division of _____
_______ = _______ - each has a full complement of _____
- division of cytoplasm
- enlarged cell = 2 split cells
- each has a full complement of DNA
- 1 parents = 2 daughter cells
Mutation ***
A change in the nucleotide sequence in DNA
Innocence project
Used DNA as evidence to free people wrongly convicted of crimes
Apoptosis
Happens if cells are not meeting the cell cycle check points
“Cell suicide”
Where is the DNA in eukaryotic cells located
Nucleus
Where does hydrogen bonding occur in a DNA molecule?
Between the nitrogen bases of the two strands of DNA
What are the 4 nucleotide bases in DNA
- adenine (A)
- thymine (T)
- guanine (G)
- cytosine (C)
- A always pairs with T
- C always pairs with G
How many chromosomes to humans have?
23 pairs (46 in total)
When does DNA replication occur?
Before cell division (interphase)
What is the basic mechanism and what two enzymes are involved ?
Basic mechanism:
- Semi conservative mechanism
- Both strands of the DNA are being replicated
2 enzymes involved:
PCR and STR
Why is DNA replication considered semi- conservative
Because it produces two copies of the original DNA molecule
Why does a cell NEED to replicate its DNA
Think about the statement “DNA is the hereditary molecule of a cell”
To make sure each new cell has the right amount of DNA
What are the 2 main processes in creating a DNA fingerprint
- Gel electrophoresis
2. PCR
***** STR
(Short tandem repeats)
- are sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated
- (AGCT can be repeated)
What determines a proteins shape
the sequence of Amino acids
Why is a proteins shape important
It determines its function
Structure for DNA
- double stranded
- bases used: (T)(C)(A)(G)
- DEOXYRIBOSE as the sugar (has different sugars)
Structure for RNA
- single stranded
- bases used: (U)(C)(A)(G)
- RIBOSE as sugar (have different sugars)
Transcription
- key player in: _____
- Occurs in ____ of _____ organisms
- And occurs in ____ of _____ organisms
- key player in DNA replication
- occurs in nucleus of eukaryotic cells
- occurs in cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells
Ex:
DNA: ATACCGAGCTAG
RNA: UTUGGCUCGAUC
Translation
- key player in: _____
- Occurs in ____ in ______
- key player in DNA replication
- occurs in ribosomes in cytoplasm
What are 3 types of RNA
- Messenger RNA
- RRNA
- TRNA (transfer RNA)
- What is the complimentary pairing
- What is the product of replication
Ex:
DNA: ATACCGAGCTAG
ATACCGAGCTAG
TATGGCTCGATC
- What is the result of transcription?
- What is the complementary RNA strand?
Ex:
DNA: ATACCGAGCTAG
Ex:
DNA: ATACCGAGCTAG
RNA: UAUGGCUCGAUC
What is another term for ”cell reproduction”
Cell division
***** What are the main enzymes involved in replication (2) and transcription (1)
Replication
- DNA replication
- DNA helicase ?
Transcription
1. DNA helicase
** Alternative RNA splicing
The non coding regions get cut off and the coding regions are put together in different ways. These result in different proteins
Purpose of cell division (4)
- growth and development
- cell replacement
- heal wounds
- asexual reproduction
Why create a transgenic organism
Because scientist can use their genetically modified genes for other species
5 types of asexual reproduction
- Budding
- Fragmentation
- Vegetative
- Propagation
- Parthenogenesis
Difference between sexual and asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves sperm and egg. Asexual reproduction is everything else
Cell cycle
- Ordered sequence of stages of a cells life
- preparatory and division stages
- 1 cell -> 2 identical cells
What is a recombinant gene
The combination produced from regulatory and coding sequences
(The output)
What are 2 main parts of a gene
Regulatory sequence
Coding sequence
Regulatory sequences
On-off switches for genes
Coding sequences
Determine the identity of the protein
Interphase
- _____ between _____
- chromosomes are _____ ____ in the _____
- AKA: _____
- duplicated: _____,_____,______
- time between stages
- chromosomes are loosely gathered in the nucleus
- AKA preparatory phase
- duplicated organelles, DNA, and cytoplasm
Cell differentiation
That process by which a stem cell develops into a more specialized gene type
Stem cell = specialized gene type
Stem cells ***
Immature cells that divide and differentiate into specialized cell types
Immature cells = specialized cell types
4 stages of mitosis
Know what these look like in a graph
PMAT
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Explain the relationship between BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and cancer at an early age
When cells accumulate enough DNA damage to interfere with multiple checkpoints, the result is cancer
How does cytokinesis differ between plants and animals
Plants: cell plate = cell wall
Animals: cleavage furrow
- Why is cancer said to be a “disease of the cell cycle”
2. Why is it also called a disease of the lifestyle
- Because of its unregulated cell division
2. Because of the decisions you must make in your lifestyle (smoking/not, UV light, diet, etc)
Of inherited and acquired mutations, which type causes more cancer cases?
Acquired
Silent mutations
- no change in amino acids
3rd position of resulting codon
Missense mutation
Point mutation, results in one amino acid change
True or false
Your cells will use most of their genes during their lifetime
False
Frameshift
Reading frame of codons is shifted
Includes insertions and deletions
- What are 2 major types of stem cells and how are the obtained?
- Which has been used to successfully treat human patients
1.Embryonic
adult stem cells
2.Adult stem cells have been used to treat patients. Embryonic cells are used from embryonic development
What 2 classes of genes in which mutations can lead to cancer
Proto-oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
Tumor suppressor genes
- normally pause cell division, repair DNA or initiate cell death
- can be mutated ti become inactivated
- Ex: BRCA1 and BRCA2
(Foot on brake)
Malignant tumor
Cancerous tumor whose cells can spread over the body
Benign tumors
(Later in life)
Noncancerous tumor
Does a single mutation usually lead to cancer
No - usually an accumulation of multiple mutations over time
Proto-oncogenes
- Normally promote cell diffusion and differentiation
- can be mutated to become permanently activated
- oncogenes
(Foot on gas pedal)
