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Biology 1010 > Exam 3: Chapters 7,8,9 > Flashcards

Exam 3: Chapters 7,8,9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genome

A

One set of complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism

Set of genetic instructions encoded in DNA

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2
Q

Chromosome

A

Single DNA molecule wrapped around proteins

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3
Q

Gene (3)

  • instructions to make: ______
  • are found in:_____
A
  • Instructions to make proteins
  • genes are found in chromosomes
  • where proteins come from
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4
Q

Locus

A

The specific position of a gene on a given chromosome

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5
Q

Denaturation

A

When a protein lose its function

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6
Q

Gene expression **

A
  • Synthesis of a protein of a gene (limited)

- each cell only expresses (makes) the gene that it needs

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7
Q

Transgenic organism **

A

Organisms that have been genetically modified to contain genes from other species
- made from spiders

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8
Q

Tissue

A

An organized group of different cell types that work together to carry out a particular function

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9
Q

Organ

A

Group of tissues that perform a specific function

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10
Q

Organ system

A

Functionally related group of organs

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11
Q

Chromatin

A

Chromosomes LOOSELY gathered in the nucleus

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12
Q

Centromere

A

Where mitosis takes place

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13
Q

Mitosis **

  • division of _____ ______
  • _____ are evenly _____
  • ________ are _______
  • takes place in the _____

Phases include (4)

A
  • division of nuclear contents
  • chromosomes are evenly divided
  • sister chromatids are separated
  • takes place in the centromere

Phases include:

  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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14
Q

Cytokinesis

  • division of _____
    _______ = _______
  • each has a full complement of _____
A
  • division of cytoplasm
  • enlarged cell = 2 split cells
  • each has a full complement of DNA
  • 1 parents = 2 daughter cells
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15
Q

Mutation ***

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence in DNA

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16
Q

Innocence project

A

Used DNA as evidence to free people wrongly convicted of crimes

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17
Q

Apoptosis

A

Happens if cells are not meeting the cell cycle check points

“Cell suicide”

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18
Q

Where is the DNA in eukaryotic cells located

A

Nucleus

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19
Q

Where does hydrogen bonding occur in a DNA molecule?

A

Between the nitrogen bases of the two strands of DNA

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20
Q

What are the 4 nucleotide bases in DNA

A
  • adenine (A)
  • thymine (T)
  • guanine (G)
  • cytosine (C)
  • A always pairs with T
  • C always pairs with G
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21
Q

How many chromosomes to humans have?

A

23 pairs (46 in total)

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22
Q

When does DNA replication occur?

A

Before cell division (interphase)

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23
Q

What is the basic mechanism and what two enzymes are involved ?

A

Basic mechanism:

  • Semi conservative mechanism
  • Both strands of the DNA are being replicated

2 enzymes involved:
PCR and STR

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24
Q

Why is DNA replication considered semi- conservative

A

Because it produces two copies of the original DNA molecule

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25
Q

Why does a cell NEED to replicate its DNA

Think about the statement “DNA is the hereditary molecule of a cell”

A

To make sure each new cell has the right amount of DNA

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26
Q

What are the 2 main processes in creating a DNA fingerprint

A
  1. Gel electrophoresis

2. PCR

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27
Q

***** STR

A

(Short tandem repeats)

  • are sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated
  • (AGCT can be repeated)
28
Q

What determines a proteins shape

A

the sequence of Amino acids

29
Q

Why is a proteins shape important

A

It determines its function

30
Q

Structure for DNA

A
  • double stranded
  • bases used: (T)(C)(A)(G)
  • DEOXYRIBOSE as the sugar (has different sugars)
30
Q

Structure for RNA

A
  • single stranded
  • bases used: (U)(C)(A)(G)
  • RIBOSE as sugar (have different sugars)
30
Q

Transcription

  • key player in: _____
  • Occurs in ____ of _____ organisms
  • And occurs in ____ of _____ organisms
A
  • key player in DNA replication
  • occurs in nucleus of eukaryotic cells
  • occurs in cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

Ex:
DNA: ATACCGAGCTAG
RNA: UTUGGCUCGAUC

30
Q

Translation

  • key player in: _____
  • Occurs in ____ in ______
A
  • key player in DNA replication

- occurs in ribosomes in cytoplasm

30
Q

What are 3 types of RNA

A
  1. Messenger RNA
  2. RRNA
  3. TRNA (transfer RNA)
30
Q
  1. What is the complimentary pairing
  2. What is the product of replication

Ex:
DNA: ATACCGAGCTAG

A

ATACCGAGCTAG

TATGGCTCGATC

30
Q
  1. What is the result of transcription?
  2. What is the complementary RNA strand?

Ex:
DNA: ATACCGAGCTAG

A

Ex:
DNA: ATACCGAGCTAG
RNA: UAUGGCUCGAUC

31
Q

What is another term for ”cell reproduction”

A

Cell division

31
Q

***** What are the main enzymes involved in replication (2) and transcription (1)

A

Replication

  1. DNA replication
  2. DNA helicase ?

Transcription
1. DNA helicase

31
Q

** Alternative RNA splicing

A

The non coding regions get cut off and the coding regions are put together in different ways. These result in different proteins

32
Q

Purpose of cell division (4)

A
  • growth and development
  • cell replacement
  • heal wounds
  • asexual reproduction
33
Q

Why create a transgenic organism

A

Because scientist can use their genetically modified genes for other species

34
Q

5 types of asexual reproduction

A
  1. Budding
  2. Fragmentation
  3. Vegetative
  4. Propagation
  5. Parthenogenesis
35
Q

Difference between sexual and asexual reproduction

A

Sexual reproduction involves sperm and egg. Asexual reproduction is everything else

36
Q

Cell cycle

A
  • Ordered sequence of stages of a cells life
  • preparatory and division stages
  • 1 cell -> 2 identical cells
37
Q

What is a recombinant gene

A

The combination produced from regulatory and coding sequences

(The output)

38
Q

What are 2 main parts of a gene

A

Regulatory sequence

Coding sequence

38
Q

Regulatory sequences

A

On-off switches for genes

39
Q

Coding sequences

A

Determine the identity of the protein

41
Q

Interphase

  • _____ between _____
  • chromosomes are _____ ____ in the _____
  • AKA: _____
  • duplicated: _____,_____,______
A
  • time between stages
  • chromosomes are loosely gathered in the nucleus
  • AKA preparatory phase
  • duplicated organelles, DNA, and cytoplasm
43
Q

Cell differentiation

A

That process by which a stem cell develops into a more specialized gene type

Stem cell = specialized gene type

44
Q

Stem cells ***

A

Immature cells that divide and differentiate into specialized cell types

Immature cells = specialized cell types

45
Q

4 stages of mitosis

Know what these look like in a graph

A

PMAT

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

46
Q

Explain the relationship between BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and cancer at an early age

A

When cells accumulate enough DNA damage to interfere with multiple checkpoints, the result is cancer

47
Q

How does cytokinesis differ between plants and animals

A

Plants: cell plate = cell wall

Animals: cleavage furrow

48
Q
  1. Why is cancer said to be a “disease of the cell cycle”

2. Why is it also called a disease of the lifestyle

A
  1. Because of its unregulated cell division

2. Because of the decisions you must make in your lifestyle (smoking/not, UV light, diet, etc)

49
Q

Of inherited and acquired mutations, which type causes more cancer cases?

A

Acquired

50
Q

Silent mutations

A
  • no change in amino acids

3rd position of resulting codon

51
Q

Missense mutation

A

Point mutation, results in one amino acid change

52
Q

True or false

Your cells will use most of their genes during their lifetime

A

False

53
Q

Frameshift

A

Reading frame of codons is shifted

Includes insertions and deletions

54
Q
  1. What are 2 major types of stem cells and how are the obtained?
  2. Which has been used to successfully treat human patients
A

1.Embryonic
adult stem cells

2.Adult stem cells have been used to treat patients. Embryonic cells are used from embryonic development

55
Q

What 2 classes of genes in which mutations can lead to cancer

A

Proto-oncogenes

Tumor suppressor genes

57
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A
  • normally pause cell division, repair DNA or initiate cell death
  • can be mutated ti become inactivated
  • Ex: BRCA1 and BRCA2

(Foot on brake)

58
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Cancerous tumor whose cells can spread over the body

59
Q

Benign tumors

A

(Later in life)

Noncancerous tumor

60
Q

Does a single mutation usually lead to cancer

A

No - usually an accumulation of multiple mutations over time

61
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A
  • Normally promote cell diffusion and differentiation
  • can be mutated to become permanently activated
  • oncogenes

(Foot on gas pedal)

Biology 1010 (4 decks)

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