Exam 2: Chapters 4,5,6 Flashcards
Energy (4)
- capacity to do work
- cannot be created or destroyed ONLY converted
includes process such as:
- building complex molecules
- moving substances in and out of cells
Metabolism
All the chemical reactions occurring in the body
Catabolic reactions
Break down larger structures into smaller ones
- requires energy
Anabolic reactions
Builds new structures from smaller subunits (bond building)
Macronutrients
Nutrients that organisms much ingest in large amounts to maintain health
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- lipids
Autotrophs
(Producer)
Capture and transform the energy of sunlight by photosynthesis
(Ex: grass)
Heterotrophs
(Consumer)
Obtain energy by eating other organisms
(Ex: bear)
Byproduct
2 end products in an equation
Sunlight + water + carbon dioxide =
oxygen + glucose
- oxygen and glucose would be the byproduct
What does it mean that enzymes are “substrate specific”
That enzymes can only bind to a specific substrate
How are enzymes usually named
To their substrate
Ex: lactose ——-> lactase
Enzyme ^ ^ Substrate
Name 2 enzyme inhibitors
- allosteric
- competitive
Allosteric
Enzyme inhabitation by a molecule that causes the active site to change shape
Competitive
Definition
Example
- enzyme inhibitation
By an “imposter” molecules swainsonine
Ex: locoweed (ex: alien in speed dating example)
Ex: methyl alcohol
Saturated fats
Products that come from animals
Ex: milk, ice cream, cheese, butter
- solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fats
Products that dont come from animals - healthier of the two Ex: vegetable oils, doughnuts - liquid at room temperature - “fully hydrogenated”
Proteins **
Are polymers constructed from amino acid monomers
- performs most tasks in our bodies
- structural
- storage
- movement
- transport
- enzymes
Essential amino acids
Must be obtained through diet
Complete proteins
Contains all 9 essential amino acids
Ex: meat
Incomplete proteins
Vegetarians must be aware of what amino acids are found in which plant products.
Combining grain and legume will often yield a complete protein
Ex: plants
How do animals and plants differ in terms of their main structural components?
Plants: carbohydrates
Animal: proteins
Water soluble
Excreted in urine, excess is not harmful
Ex. Vitamin C
Fat soluble
Excess stored in fat so can be harmful
Ex: vitamin K - harmful if overdosed
Potential energy
Stored energy in the chemical bonds
- based on structure or position or location
Ex: setting a ball on a table and it rolling off
Ex: compressed spring jumping when you let it go
Ex: food
Ex: sunlight
Kinetic energy
The energy of motion or movement
Ex: running
Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water
= glucose + oxygen
Cellular respiration
Glucose + oxygen
= carbon dioxide + water
Body mass index
Estimates body fat based on height and weight
How do enzymes catalyze (increase the rate of) reactions?
They first bind to a substrate.
Where they bind to is called an active site.
It is the process of speeding up the rate of chemical reaction
Balanced diet includes (5)
Vegetables Oils Grains Meats Dairy products
Malnutrition
Medical condition resulting from the lack of essential nutrients in the diet
What is the role of carbohydrates in our body
give us energy
What is a metabolic pathway ***
Series of steps in completing glycolysis
Ex: light reaction in photosynthesis
What is the different roles proteins play in our cells / bodies ?
Their shape or structure
2 major classes of micronutrients
Cofactors
Coenzymes
Cofactor
(Minerals)
INORGANIC micronutrients
required to activate an enzyme
Ex: zinc, copper, iron
Coenzymes
(Vitamin)
Small ORGANIC molecules
required to activate enzymes
Ex: B-vitamins
Fossil fuels
Fuels made up of remains from the dead
Ex: oil, coal, natural gas
What does it mean to say that ATP is the energy currency of the cell?
Because it breaks food down into subunits
Food = energy which can be converted into chemical or mechanical energy
What are some examples of Dr. Levine’s nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) activities
Walking
Shopping
Cleaning
Climbing stairs
What are the three phases of cellular respiration
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain
Aerobic respiration ***
A series of reactions that converts stored food energy into ATP
* occurs in the presence of oxygen
- glycolysis
- citric acid cycle
- electron transport chain
What is the role of fats in our body
They store our energy
Glycolysis
- Occurs in the cytoplasm
- input - sugar
- output - smaller units (pyruvate)
Citric acid cycle
- occurs in the matrix
- input -
- output - carbon dioxide
Electron transport chain
- takes place in the mitochondria
- input -
- output - oxygen
- produces most of the ATP
What is the function of coenzymes such as
NAD+NADH & NADP+/NADPH*****
To carry (2) electrons and hydrogen
What pigment is involved in photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
Autotrophic organisms are found in which domains or kingdoms
Domain: eukaria & prokaria
Kingdom: plant
What is the direct mechanism of ATP synthesis during the elctron transport phase of cellular respiration **
Facilitated different of hydrogen ions
What is the potential energy source that drives ATP production ***
High concentration of hydrogen ions
Describe two different symbiotic relationships that algae are involved in
Fungi and coral
What is misleading about the following statement “plants gave chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis, whereas animals have mitochondria that perform cellular respiration”
Recognizable in the body
What are 3 types of algae
Prokaryotes
Phytoplankton
Seaweed
