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Biology 1010 > Exam 2: Chapters 4,5,6 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Chapters 4,5,6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Energy (4)

A
  • capacity to do work
  • cannot be created or destroyed ONLY converted

includes process such as:

  • building complex molecules
  • moving substances in and out of cells
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2
Q

Metabolism

A

All the chemical reactions occurring in the body

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3
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Break down larger structures into smaller ones

- requires energy

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4
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

Builds new structures from smaller subunits (bond building)

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5
Q

Macronutrients

A

Nutrients that organisms much ingest in large amounts to maintain health

  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • lipids
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6
Q

Autotrophs

A

(Producer)
Capture and transform the energy of sunlight by photosynthesis
(Ex: grass)

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7
Q

Heterotrophs

A

(Consumer)
Obtain energy by eating other organisms
(Ex: bear)

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7
Q

Byproduct

A

2 end products in an equation

Sunlight + water + carbon dioxide =
oxygen + glucose

  • oxygen and glucose would be the byproduct
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9
Q

What does it mean that enzymes are “substrate specific”

A

That enzymes can only bind to a specific substrate

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10
Q

How are enzymes usually named

A

To their substrate

Ex: lactose ——-> lactase
Enzyme ^ ^ Substrate

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11
Q

Name 2 enzyme inhibitors

A
  • allosteric

- competitive

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12
Q

Allosteric

A

Enzyme inhabitation by a molecule that causes the active site to change shape

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13
Q

Competitive

Definition
Example

A
  • enzyme inhibitation
    By an “imposter” molecules swainsonine

Ex: locoweed (ex: alien in speed dating example)
Ex: methyl alcohol

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14
Q

Saturated fats

A

Products that come from animals
Ex: milk, ice cream, cheese, butter
- solid at room temperature

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15
Q

Unsaturated fats

A 
Products that dont come from animals 
- healthier of the two
Ex: vegetable oils, doughnuts
- liquid at room temperature 
- “fully hydrogenated”
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16
Q

Proteins **

A

Are polymers constructed from amino acid monomers

  • performs most tasks in our bodies
  • structural
  • storage
  • movement
  • transport
  • enzymes
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17
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Must be obtained through diet

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18
Q

Complete proteins

A

Contains all 9 essential amino acids

Ex: meat

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19
Q

Incomplete proteins

A

Vegetarians must be aware of what amino acids are found in which plant products.
Combining grain and legume will often yield a complete protein
Ex: plants

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20
Q

How do animals and plants differ in terms of their main structural components?

A

Plants: carbohydrates
Animal: proteins

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21
Q

Water soluble

A

Excreted in urine, excess is not harmful

Ex. Vitamin C

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22
Q

Fat soluble

A

Excess stored in fat so can be harmful

Ex: vitamin K - harmful if overdosed

23
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy in the chemical bonds
- based on structure or position or location

Ex: setting a ball on a table and it rolling off
Ex: compressed spring jumping when you let it go
Ex: food
Ex: sunlight

24
Q

Kinetic energy

A

The energy of motion or movement

Ex: running

25
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water

= glucose + oxygen

26
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen

= carbon dioxide + water

27
Q

Body mass index

A

Estimates body fat based on height and weight

29
Q

How do enzymes catalyze (increase the rate of) reactions?

A

They first bind to a substrate.

Where they bind to is called an active site.

It is the process of speeding up the rate of chemical reaction

30
Q

Balanced diet includes (5)

A 
Vegetables
Oils
Grains
Meats
Dairy products
31
Q

Malnutrition

A

Medical condition resulting from the lack of essential nutrients in the diet

32
Q

What is the role of carbohydrates in our body

A

give us energy

33
Q

What is a metabolic pathway ***

A

Series of steps in completing glycolysis

Ex: light reaction in photosynthesis

34
Q

What is the different roles proteins play in our cells / bodies ?

A

Their shape or structure

35
Q

2 major classes of micronutrients

A

Cofactors

Coenzymes

36
Q

Cofactor

A

(Minerals)

INORGANIC micronutrients
required to activate an enzyme

Ex: zinc, copper, iron

37
Q

Coenzymes

A

(Vitamin)

Small ORGANIC molecules
required to activate enzymes

Ex: B-vitamins

38
Q

Fossil fuels

A

Fuels made up of remains from the dead

Ex: oil, coal, natural gas

39
Q

What does it mean to say that ATP is the energy currency of the cell?

A

Because it breaks food down into subunits

Food = energy which can be converted into chemical or mechanical energy

40
Q

What are some examples of Dr. Levine’s nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) activities

A

Walking
Shopping
Cleaning
Climbing stairs

41
Q

What are the three phases of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain

42
Q

Aerobic respiration ***

A

A series of reactions that converts stored food energy into ATP
* occurs in the presence of oxygen

  • glycolysis
  • citric acid cycle
  • electron transport chain
43
Q

What is the role of fats in our body

A

They store our energy

44
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • Occurs in the cytoplasm
  • input - sugar
  • output - smaller units (pyruvate)
45
Q

Citric acid cycle

A
  • occurs in the matrix
  • input -
  • output - carbon dioxide
46
Q

Electron transport chain

A
  • takes place in the mitochondria
  • input -
  • output - oxygen
  • produces most of the ATP
47
Q

What is the function of coenzymes such as

NAD+NADH & NADP+/NADPH*****

A

To carry (2) electrons and hydrogen

48
Q

What pigment is involved in photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

49
Q

Autotrophic organisms are found in which domains or kingdoms

A

Domain: eukaria & prokaria
Kingdom: plant

50
Q

What is the direct mechanism of ATP synthesis during the elctron transport phase of cellular respiration **

A

Facilitated different of hydrogen ions

51
Q

What is the potential energy source that drives ATP production ***

A

High concentration of hydrogen ions

52
Q

Describe two different symbiotic relationships that algae are involved in

A

Fungi and coral

53
Q

What is misleading about the following statement “plants gave chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis, whereas animals have mitochondria that perform cellular respiration”

A

Recognizable in the body

54
Q

What are 3 types of algae

A

Prokaryotes
Phytoplankton
Seaweed

Biology 1010 (4 decks)

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