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Biology 1010 > Exam 1: Chapters 1,2,3 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Chapters 1,2,3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Correlation (2)

A

A consistent relationship between two variables

  • does not prove that one variable CAUSES the other
    • correlation is NOT causation
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2
Q

Control group

A

Experiences no experimental intervention or manipulation

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3
Q

Experimental group

A

Experiences the experimental intervention or manipulation

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4
Q

Sample size

A

The number of experimental subjects or the number of times on an experiment is repeated

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5
Q

Anecdotal evidence

A

An informal observation that has not been seen systematically tested

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6
Q

Placebo

A

A fake treatment that mimics the experience of the experimental group

(Control group receives the placebo)

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7
Q

Independent variable (3)

A

The experimental group

• the factor being deliberately changed in the experimental group

  • amount of coffee
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8
Q

Dependent variable (2)

A

Is the measured result of an experiment

  • depends on the independent variable
  • analyzed in both the experimental and control groups
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9
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of patterns of disease in populations, including risk factors

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10
Q

Hypothesis (5)

A

A testifiable and falsifiable explanation for a scientific observation or question; an educated guess

Ex: caffeine improves alertness

  • statement / NO reasoning in hypothesis
  • is only SUPPORTED NOT PROVEN
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11
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment

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12
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in an atom

• determine the atom’s identity

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13
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Cells that contain membrane-bound organelles, including a central nucleus

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14
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Cells that lack internal membrane-bound organelles

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15
Q

Cohesion

A

The attraction between molecules (or other particles)

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16
Q

Adhesion

A

The attraction between molecules to a surface

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17
Q

Ion

A

An electrically charged atom

• the charge resulting from the loss or gain of electrons

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18
Q

Organelle

???

A

The membrane bound compartments of eukaryotic cells that carry out specific

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19
Q

Hydrophobic (3)

A

“Water-fearing”

  • hydrophobic molecules will not dissolve in water

(Ex. Waxing your car)

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20
Q

Hydrophilic (3)

A

“Water loving”

  • hydrophilic molecules dissolve easily in water

(Ex. Sugar in warm water = tea)

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21
Q

Hypotonic (4)

A

Describes a solution surrounding a cell that has a LOWER concentration of solutes that the cells cytoplasm

  • outside the cells
  • lower concentration
  • water added
  • blows up like a “hippo”
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22
Q

Hypertonic (4)

A

Describes the solution surrounding the cell that has a HIGHER concentration of solutes than the cells cytoplasm

  • outside the cells
  • higher concentration
  • water taken away
  • shrinks / shriveled
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23
Q

Isotonic

A

Describes a solution surrounding a cell that has the same solute concentration as the cells cytoplasm

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24
Q

Characteristics of living things (5)

A
  • energy use
  • growth
  • homeostasis (ability to regulate temperatures)
  • reproduction
  • response to environment
25
Q
  • What element forms the backbone for organic molecules?

* what type of bond is found in organic molecules ?

A
  1. Have carbon based molecules

2. Have at least one C-H bond

26
Q

Hypothesis vs Theory

A

A hypothesis is: A testifiable and falsifiable explanation for a scientific observation or question; an educated guess

A theory is: a hypothesis that continues to hold up after many years of rigorous testing
- are hypothesis that are supported by large bodies of studies

27
Q

Solute

A

A dissolved substance

Ex. Sugar in warm tea & water

28
Q

Solvent

A

A substance in which other substances can dissolve

Ex. Water

29
Q

Ionic bonds ***

A
  • attraction between opposing charged ions
  • gave / took an ion
  • look at notes
30
Q

Covalent bonds ***

A

Atoms joined into a molecule
- not as strong as ionic bonds

  • look at notes
32
Q

What is an aqueous solution

A

Jelly like

33
Q

How do ionic and covalent bonds act in aqueous solutions?

A

Ionic bonds are stronger than covalent bonds

36
Q

What is the difference between lipids and organic compounds **

A

Lipids
• are hydrophobic
• dont have molymer/polymer compounds

37
Q

Selectively permeable

A

Only some things can pass through

38
Q

How is the nucleus separated from the rest of the cell

A

The nuclear envelope

39
Q

Vesicles

A

How molecules/cell products move between organelles of the endomembrane system

40
Q

What does ER stand for

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

41
Q

Rough ER

A

Ribosomes on outer surface

42
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • Lipid synthesis

- drug detox

43
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Packages and transports proteins

44
Q

Lysosomes

A

Break-down worn-out molecules

45
Q

Cell theory

A
  • everything is made up of cells

* every new cells comes from the division of a pre-existing cell

46
Q

What 3 factors affect whether molecules can pass through a plasma membrane

A
  • size
  • charge
  • concentration radiant
47
Q

Give 3 examples of molecules that pass through the membrane easily

A
  • water
  • oxygen
  • carbon dioxide
48
Q

Why are viruses not considered to be living

A
  • not made up of cells

- cant reproduce

49
Q

Functions of the cytoskeletal system (3)

A
  • cell support
  • cell movement
  • movement of structures within cells
50
Q

Examples of cytoskeletal structures

A

Cilia

Flagella

51
Q

Monomer (2)

A

One chemical subunit of a polymer

Ex. Like 1 link in the chain

52
Q

Polymer (2)

A

A molecule made up of individual subunits, called monomers

Ex. The chain (in entirety)

53
Q

Active transport (2)

A

Solutes are pumped from LOWER concentration to HIGHER with the help of transport proteins

  • requires energy
54
Q

Facilitated diffusion (2)

A

Large or hydrophilic solutes move across a membrane from HIGHER concentration to LOWER - WITH THE HELP OF TRANSPORT PROTEINS
- requires no energy

55
Q

Simple diffusion (2)

A

The movement of small, uncharged solutes across a membrane from an area of HIGHER concentration to LOWER concentration - WITHOUT THE AID OF A TRANSPORT PROTEINS

  • requires no energy
56
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a membrane from an area of LOWER solute concentration to an area of HIGHER solute concentration

57
Q

Name 2 organelles that function in energy processing

A
  • mitochondria

* chloroplast

58
Q

3 structures shared by all cells

A
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
59
Q

Which cell has a cell wall?

Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic

A

Prokaryotic

60
Q

Difference between plant and animal cells

A

Plants have

  • chloroplast
  • central vacuole

Animals have
- lysosomes

61
Q

Where does the energy in most ecosystems originate, and what organisms are able to harness it ?

A
  1. Sun

2. Plants

62
Q

What are 4 most common elements in living things ?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipids
  4. Nucleic acid

Biology 1010 (4 decks)

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