Exam 1: Chapters 1,2,3 Flashcards
Correlation (2)
A consistent relationship between two variables
- does not prove that one variable CAUSES the other
- correlation is NOT causation
Control group
Experiences no experimental intervention or manipulation
Experimental group
Experiences the experimental intervention or manipulation
Sample size
The number of experimental subjects or the number of times on an experiment is repeated
Anecdotal evidence
An informal observation that has not been seen systematically tested
Placebo
A fake treatment that mimics the experience of the experimental group
(Control group receives the placebo)
Independent variable (3)
The experimental group
• the factor being deliberately changed in the experimental group
- amount of coffee
Dependent variable (2)
Is the measured result of an experiment
- depends on the independent variable
- analyzed in both the experimental and control groups
Epidemiology
The study of patterns of disease in populations, including risk factors
Hypothesis (5)
A testifiable and falsifiable explanation for a scientific observation or question; an educated guess
Ex: caffeine improves alertness
- statement / NO reasoning in hypothesis
- is only SUPPORTED NOT PROVEN
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment
Atomic number
The number of protons in an atom
• determine the atom’s identity
Eukaryotic cells
Cells that contain membrane-bound organelles, including a central nucleus
Prokaryotic cells
Cells that lack internal membrane-bound organelles
Cohesion
The attraction between molecules (or other particles)
Adhesion
The attraction between molecules to a surface
Ion
An electrically charged atom
• the charge resulting from the loss or gain of electrons
Organelle
???
The membrane bound compartments of eukaryotic cells that carry out specific
Hydrophobic (3)
“Water-fearing”
- hydrophobic molecules will not dissolve in water
(Ex. Waxing your car)
Hydrophilic (3)
“Water loving”
- hydrophilic molecules dissolve easily in water
(Ex. Sugar in warm water = tea)
Hypotonic (4)
Describes a solution surrounding a cell that has a LOWER concentration of solutes that the cells cytoplasm
- outside the cells
- lower concentration
- water added
- blows up like a “hippo”
Hypertonic (4)
Describes the solution surrounding the cell that has a HIGHER concentration of solutes than the cells cytoplasm
- outside the cells
- higher concentration
- water taken away
- shrinks / shriveled
Isotonic
Describes a solution surrounding a cell that has the same solute concentration as the cells cytoplasm
Characteristics of living things (5)
- energy use
- growth
- homeostasis (ability to regulate temperatures)
- reproduction
- response to environment
- What element forms the backbone for organic molecules?
* what type of bond is found in organic molecules ?
- Have carbon based molecules
2. Have at least one C-H bond
Hypothesis vs Theory
A hypothesis is: A testifiable and falsifiable explanation for a scientific observation or question; an educated guess
A theory is: a hypothesis that continues to hold up after many years of rigorous testing
- are hypothesis that are supported by large bodies of studies
Solute
A dissolved substance
Ex. Sugar in warm tea & water
Solvent
A substance in which other substances can dissolve
Ex. Water
Ionic bonds ***
- attraction between opposing charged ions
- gave / took an ion
- look at notes
Covalent bonds ***
Atoms joined into a molecule
- not as strong as ionic bonds
- look at notes
What is an aqueous solution
Jelly like
How do ionic and covalent bonds act in aqueous solutions?
Ionic bonds are stronger than covalent bonds
What is the difference between lipids and organic compounds **
Lipids
• are hydrophobic
• dont have molymer/polymer compounds
Selectively permeable
Only some things can pass through
How is the nucleus separated from the rest of the cell
The nuclear envelope
Vesicles
How molecules/cell products move between organelles of the endomembrane system
What does ER stand for
Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER
Ribosomes on outer surface
Smooth ER
- Lipid synthesis
- drug detox
Golgi apparatus
Packages and transports proteins
Lysosomes
Break-down worn-out molecules
Cell theory
- everything is made up of cells
* every new cells comes from the division of a pre-existing cell
What 3 factors affect whether molecules can pass through a plasma membrane
- size
- charge
- concentration radiant
Give 3 examples of molecules that pass through the membrane easily
- water
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
Why are viruses not considered to be living
- not made up of cells
- cant reproduce
Functions of the cytoskeletal system (3)
- cell support
- cell movement
- movement of structures within cells
Examples of cytoskeletal structures
Cilia
Flagella
Monomer (2)
One chemical subunit of a polymer
Ex. Like 1 link in the chain
Polymer (2)
A molecule made up of individual subunits, called monomers
Ex. The chain (in entirety)
Active transport (2)
Solutes are pumped from LOWER concentration to HIGHER with the help of transport proteins
- requires energy
Facilitated diffusion (2)
Large or hydrophilic solutes move across a membrane from HIGHER concentration to LOWER - WITH THE HELP OF TRANSPORT PROTEINS
- requires no energy
Simple diffusion (2)
The movement of small, uncharged solutes across a membrane from an area of HIGHER concentration to LOWER concentration - WITHOUT THE AID OF A TRANSPORT PROTEINS
- requires no energy
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a membrane from an area of LOWER solute concentration to an area of HIGHER solute concentration
Name 2 organelles that function in energy processing
- mitochondria
* chloroplast
3 structures shared by all cells
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- ribosomes
Which cell has a cell wall?
Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic
Difference between plant and animal cells
Plants have
- chloroplast
- central vacuole
Animals have
- lysosomes
Where does the energy in most ecosystems originate, and what organisms are able to harness it ?
- Sun
2. Plants
What are 4 most common elements in living things ?
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Nucleic acid
