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Anatomy & Physiology II > Exam 3 (Chapters 21, 22 & last pt of 20) > Flashcards

Exam 3 (Chapters 21, 22 & last pt of 20) Flashcards

0
Q

Pt has advanced liver disease & is experiencing issues w/edema. What is causing the edema?

A

Diseased liver has decreased its production of plasma proteins which causes a decrease in the colloid osmotic pressure. This leads to decreased capillary reabsorption @ venule end of capillary

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1
Q

Explain hydrostatic pressure (HP) & oncotic pressure (OP) throughout a capillary. How does the net filtration pressure (NFP) differ between these 2 ends in normal physiological state?

A
  • hydrostatic pressure (HP) higher @ arteriole end & lower and venule end
  • oncotic pressure (OP) stay the same @ both ends
  • pressure changes cause a positive net filtration pressure (NFP) @ arteriole end & negative NFP @ venule end of capillary
  • *NFP=HP-OP
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2
Q

What are the diff mechanisms that aid in venous return (return of blood flow back to heart)?

A

pressure gradient, gravity, skeletal muscle pump, thoracic (respirtatory) pump, cardiac suction, valves in veins

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3
Q

Identify what parts of the body the right & left lymphatic ducts (largests lymphatic vessels) drain lymph from & where the lymph is drained to

A
  • Right lymphatic duct: upper-right side of body
  • Thoracic (left lymphatic) duct: most of body
  • Lymph drained into subclavian veins
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4
Q

T cells are born in what organ & become mature or immunocompetent in this lymphatic organ?
What is unique about the lymphatic organ where T cells mature?

A
  • born in red bone marrow
  • they become immunocompetent in thymus
  • thymus is a lymphatic & endocrine organ that secretes hormones which regulate T cell activity & involutes w/age
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5
Q

This secondary lymphatic organ has dual functionss, which it proliferates lymphocytes & monocytes & also removes old RBCs & platelets in circulatory system

A
  • spleen
  • white pulp is considered lymphatuc tissue as opposed to the red pulp
  • spleen is largest lymphatic organ
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6
Q

Child goes for well check-up & receives a MMR vaccination. What class of immunity does the vaccination provide to the child?

A
  • artificial active
  • enables one’s body to make their own antibodies or T cells (vaccine triggers an immune response & not the actual illness)
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7
Q

In a humoral immune response, the 1st step in sequence of events is when the antigen binds to the B cells….also known as?

A

-Antigen recognition
-antigen binds to B cells w/complementary receptors
-after antigen recognition:
~Amtigen is presented to TH cell (TH cell respond to antigen of MHC-II proteins)
~clonal selection (cell division) occurs
~differentiation (into diff cells)
~antibody produced will react or attack antigen

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8
Q

What type of immunity acts to directly attack & destroy foreign cells or diseased cells in which pathogens have infected the inside of the cells?

A

-cell-mediated immunity; works through T cells to attack & destroy viruses, parasitic worms, cancer cells & transplanted tissues & organs

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9
Q

What chemical do helper T (TH or CD4) cells secrete that stimulates T & B cell mitosis & maturation?

A
  • interleukins

- chemicals are important for both cell-mediated (T cell) & antibody-mediated (B cell) immunities

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10
Q

What type of T cell secretes perforin, granzymes, interferons & tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in an effort to destroy an infected or foreign cell in body?

A

Cytotoxic T (TC or CD8) cell

**natural killer cells (lymphocyte) also known to kill perforin & granzymes

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11
Q

Mother provide what class of temporary immunity to her child through the transfer of antibodies

A

Natural passive immunity (antibodies produced by indiv & transferred to another person)

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12
Q

Which immunoglobulins (Ig) can cross the placenta?
Which Ig is the most abundant?
Which Ig is found in secretions such as tears, saliva, milk & mucus?

A

-IgG
Natural passive

-IgA
Natural passive

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13
Q

What are the 1st & 2nd lines of defense that are considered to be your innate immunity?

A

FIRST LINE: skin (defensin ); mucous membranse (mucus, tears, saliva has lysozyme ); areolar tissue (viscous hyaluronic acid)

SECOND LINE:

  • WBCs (natural killer cells, phagoctyes , eosinophils, basophils)
  • antimicrobial proteins (interferons, complement)

Inflammation

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14
Q

5 classes of Immunoglobulins

A
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • IgA
  • IgE
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15
Q

3 steps of Gas exchange: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, & internal respiration

A

-

16
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

-inhalation & exhalation of air between atmosphere & alveoli

17
Q

External respiration

A

-exchange of gases between alveoli & blood

Pulmonary capillary gains O2 & lose CO2

18
Q

Internal respiration

A

-exchange of gases between blood

Blood loses O2 & gains CO2

19
Q

CO2 & H+ ion levels & pH…….binding or release of oxygen from hemoglobin

A

-Oxy-Hemoglobin dissociation curve

20
Q

High pH (low H+ ion & low CO2), curve shifts to ______

A

-left

21
Q

Low pH (high H+ ion & low CO2), curve shifts to ____

A

-right

22
Q

Diameter of bronchioles is influenced by several factors…what factors cause bronchodilation & bronchoconstriction

A
  • epinephrine
  • acetylcholine
  • norepinephrine
  • histamine
  • cold air
  • sympathetic nervous system
  • parasympathetic nervous system
23
Q

Inhalation & Exhalation

  • which is active/passive?
  • How does the diaphragm move during inhalation vs exhalation?
  • How does volume impact pressure?
A
  • active

- passive

24
Q

What factors would cause O2 to be released from hemoglobin (shift oxyhemoglobin-dissociation curve to right)

A

-high temp (fever), testosterone, EPI, growth hormone, thyroxine, low pH

**low temp & high pH causes O2 to bind to hemoglobin & shift curve to left

25
Q

Respiratory system functions

A
  • gas exchange
  • communication
  • olfaction
  • acid-base balance
  • BP regulation (produces ACE, helps synthesize Angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor)
  • flow of blood & lymph
  • filtration of blood
  • expels abdominal contents
26
Q

Respiratory centers are located in brainstem…where is each group found & how does it contribute to controlling one’s breathing?

A

-VRG (in medulla) –>establishes breathing rhythm
-DRG (in medulla) –>provide input from chemoreceptors, stretch & irritant receptors to VRG to modify rhythm
{vagus & glossopharyngeal nerves carry info from these receptors to DRG}
-PRG (in pons) –>provides input from hypothalamus & limbic system (sleep, exercise & emotions) to VRG to modify rhythm

27
Q

Carbon dioxide transport

A

CO2 + H2O>H2CO3>HCO3 + H

Carbonic acid
Bicarbonate

Anatomy & Physiology II (4 decks)

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