Exam 3 (Chapters 21, 22 & last pt of 20) Flashcards
Pt has advanced liver disease & is experiencing issues w/edema. What is causing the edema?
Diseased liver has decreased its production of plasma proteins which causes a decrease in the colloid osmotic pressure. This leads to decreased capillary reabsorption @ venule end of capillary
Explain hydrostatic pressure (HP) & oncotic pressure (OP) throughout a capillary. How does the net filtration pressure (NFP) differ between these 2 ends in normal physiological state?
- hydrostatic pressure (HP) higher @ arteriole end & lower and venule end
- oncotic pressure (OP) stay the same @ both ends
- pressure changes cause a positive net filtration pressure (NFP) @ arteriole end & negative NFP @ venule end of capillary
- *NFP=HP-OP
What are the diff mechanisms that aid in venous return (return of blood flow back to heart)?
pressure gradient, gravity, skeletal muscle pump, thoracic (respirtatory) pump, cardiac suction, valves in veins
Identify what parts of the body the right & left lymphatic ducts (largests lymphatic vessels) drain lymph from & where the lymph is drained to
- Right lymphatic duct: upper-right side of body
- Thoracic (left lymphatic) duct: most of body
- Lymph drained into subclavian veins
T cells are born in what organ & become mature or immunocompetent in this lymphatic organ?
What is unique about the lymphatic organ where T cells mature?
- born in red bone marrow
- they become immunocompetent in thymus
- thymus is a lymphatic & endocrine organ that secretes hormones which regulate T cell activity & involutes w/age
This secondary lymphatic organ has dual functionss, which it proliferates lymphocytes & monocytes & also removes old RBCs & platelets in circulatory system
- spleen
- white pulp is considered lymphatuc tissue as opposed to the red pulp
- spleen is largest lymphatic organ
Child goes for well check-up & receives a MMR vaccination. What class of immunity does the vaccination provide to the child?
- artificial active
- enables one’s body to make their own antibodies or T cells (vaccine triggers an immune response & not the actual illness)
In a humoral immune response, the 1st step in sequence of events is when the antigen binds to the B cells….also known as?
-Antigen recognition
-antigen binds to B cells w/complementary receptors
-after antigen recognition:
~Amtigen is presented to TH cell (TH cell respond to antigen of MHC-II proteins)
~clonal selection (cell division) occurs
~differentiation (into diff cells)
~antibody produced will react or attack antigen
What type of immunity acts to directly attack & destroy foreign cells or diseased cells in which pathogens have infected the inside of the cells?
-cell-mediated immunity; works through T cells to attack & destroy viruses, parasitic worms, cancer cells & transplanted tissues & organs
What chemical do helper T (TH or CD4) cells secrete that stimulates T & B cell mitosis & maturation?
- interleukins
- chemicals are important for both cell-mediated (T cell) & antibody-mediated (B cell) immunities
What type of T cell secretes perforin, granzymes, interferons & tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in an effort to destroy an infected or foreign cell in body?
Cytotoxic T (TC or CD8) cell
**natural killer cells (lymphocyte) also known to kill perforin & granzymes
Mother provide what class of temporary immunity to her child through the transfer of antibodies
Natural passive immunity (antibodies produced by indiv & transferred to another person)
Which immunoglobulins (Ig) can cross the placenta?
Which Ig is the most abundant?
Which Ig is found in secretions such as tears, saliva, milk & mucus?
-IgG
Natural passive
-IgA
Natural passive
What are the 1st & 2nd lines of defense that are considered to be your innate immunity?
FIRST LINE: skin (defensin ); mucous membranse (mucus, tears, saliva has lysozyme ); areolar tissue (viscous hyaluronic acid)
SECOND LINE:
- WBCs (natural killer cells, phagoctyes , eosinophils, basophils)
- antimicrobial proteins (interferons, complement)
Inflammation
5 classes of Immunoglobulins
- IgG
- IgM
- IgA
- IgE
3 steps of Gas exchange: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, & internal respiration
-
Pulmonary ventilation
-inhalation & exhalation of air between atmosphere & alveoli
External respiration
-exchange of gases between alveoli & blood
Pulmonary capillary gains O2 & lose CO2
Internal respiration
-exchange of gases between blood
Blood loses O2 & gains CO2
CO2 & H+ ion levels & pH…….binding or release of oxygen from hemoglobin
-Oxy-Hemoglobin dissociation curve
High pH (low H+ ion & low CO2), curve shifts to ______
-left
Low pH (high H+ ion & low CO2), curve shifts to ____
-right
Diameter of bronchioles is influenced by several factors…what factors cause bronchodilation & bronchoconstriction
- epinephrine
- acetylcholine
- norepinephrine
- histamine
- cold air
- sympathetic nervous system
- parasympathetic nervous system
Inhalation & Exhalation
- which is active/passive?
- How does the diaphragm move during inhalation vs exhalation?
- How does volume impact pressure?
- active
- passive
What factors would cause O2 to be released from hemoglobin (shift oxyhemoglobin-dissociation curve to right)
-high temp (fever), testosterone, EPI, growth hormone, thyroxine, low pH
**low temp & high pH causes O2 to bind to hemoglobin & shift curve to left
Respiratory system functions
- gas exchange
- communication
- olfaction
- acid-base balance
- BP regulation (produces ACE, helps synthesize Angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor)
- flow of blood & lymph
- filtration of blood
- expels abdominal contents
Respiratory centers are located in brainstem…where is each group found & how does it contribute to controlling one’s breathing?
-VRG (in medulla) –>establishes breathing rhythm
-DRG (in medulla) –>provide input from chemoreceptors, stretch & irritant receptors to VRG to modify rhythm
{vagus & glossopharyngeal nerves carry info from these receptors to DRG}
-PRG (in pons) –>provides input from hypothalamus & limbic system (sleep, exercise & emotions) to VRG to modify rhythm
Carbon dioxide transport
CO2 + H2O>H2CO3>HCO3 + H
Carbonic acid
Bicarbonate
