Exam 2 (Chapters 18 & 19) Flashcards
Patient has severe bacterial infection. What leukocyte would rise in response to this type of infection?
Neutrophils (most abundant granulocytes & function phagocytize bacteria & release antimicrobial chemicals
WBC classified as granulocytes & functions
-
What plasma protein is important for transporting substances (lipid-soluble hormones & iron), constitutes antibodies in blood, & has a role in blood clotting?
Where are most plasma proteins made in the body?
Globulins: ~Alpha (prothrombin)--blood clotting ~Alpha (others)--transport lipid-soluble hormones ~Beta (transferrin) -- transports iron ~Beta (complement) --immune system ~Gamma-- antibodies
**Most are made in liver; gamma globulins made by plasma cells
Van is normally a couch potato, but decides to take up bike riding since his recent move from New York City to Denver. What condition does Van run the risk of developing? Why?
- Secondary Polycythemia
- several factors are linked to hypoxemia & stimulate EPO such as: sudden strenuous aerobic exercise, move to high altitude, exposure to air pollution in NYC (another factor would include if pt is a smoker)
Thrombopoietin stimulates the production of what cell that is a precursor to platelets?
- megakaryocytes (platelets are fragments of these cells)
- thrombopoietin is produced by the liver
- Thrombocytes (platelets) have a role in blood clotting
Where is EPO (erythropoietin) produced & its effect in blood?
- produced by kidneys
- increase RBC’s formation
When a person eats a diet high in iron (red meat) what happens to the dietary iron once in the GI tract?
After passing through the stomach to small intestine, iron is absorbed into the blood & binds to transferrin (plasma protein). Transferrin carries the iron to the bone marrow (for hemoglobin synthesis), muscle (myoglobin synthesis), & liver (stored for later use as ferritin)
Platelets are known to release a vasoconstrictor & a chemical to attract more platelets to an area during hemostasis – what are these chemicals?
- serotonin (vasoconstrictor) & ADP (attracts more platelets to the area)
- known as the platelet release reaction
**platelet adhesion is facilitated by von Wilebrand factor (vWF)
This coagulation reaction pathway is initiated by clotting factors released by a damaged blood vessel or perivascular tissue (around the vessel)
Extrinsic mechanism; tends to take a shorter amount of time for a clot to form as opposed to the intrinsic mechanism
**both extrinsic & intrinsic mechanisms lead to formation of active Factor X (Xa) which begins the common pathway for coagulation
Prenatal care is important. Erythroblastosis fetalis (Hemolytic Disease of Newborn) is a condition that can be avoided w/approproate prenatal care & the administration of RhoGAM to a pregnant woman. How does RhoGAM work?
RhoGAM binds to the Rh antigens on fetal RBCs so they do not stimulate the mother’s immune system to produce antibody against the Rh antigen
**RhoGAM is used when mom is Rh- & the fetus is Rh+
ABO blood types
antigens on RBC, antibodies in plasma, possible donors & recipients
- -TYPE A: receive from A & O_donate to AB & A_Antibody Anti-B_Antigen A
- -TYPE B: receive from B & O_donate to AB & B_ Antibody Anti-A_Antigen B
- TYPE AB: receive from A, B, AB, O “universal recipient”_donate to AB_No Antibody_Antigens A & B
- TYPE O: receive from O_donate to A, B, AB, O “universal donor_Antibody Anti-A, Anti-B_No Antigen
Actual “pacemaker” of the heart that sets the sinus rhythm
Sinoatrial (SA) node; 70-80 beats per minute for sinus rhythm
“backup pacemaker”
Atrioventricular (AV) node; 40-50beats per minute for nodal rhythm
What nerves are responsible for carrying impulses from the cardioinhibitory center of the brain to the heart & slowing down the heart rate?
Vagus nerves
-releases ACh
What nerves increase the force of cardiac contraction & heart rate?
What neurotransmitters are released by the nerves?
What division of the ANS would dominate in this situation?
- cardiac nerves
- releases norepinephrine & EPI
- sympathetic nervous system dominates
Cardiac muscle is dependent upon aerobic respiration. Name some adaptations to cardiac muscle cells (cardiocytes) that are due to this dependency.
High amount of glycogen & myoglobin, large mitochondria
Cardiac muscle cells unique for electrical behavior.
An area where their action potentials are similar among other electrically excitable cells-sodium moves into the cell, causes depolarization & when potassium leaves cells, causes repolarization
An area where cardiocytes difer is the period of prolonged depolarization known as a plateau–what happens?
Plateau occurs due to calcium entering into the cardiocytes which prolongs depolarization. Plateau enables the cardiocytes to contract for a prolonged period
Normal EKG (waveforms, intervals & segments of cardiac function)
Fig. 19.15
- P wave (atrial depolarization)
- P-Q segment (atrial systole)
- QRS complex (ventricular depolarization–atrial repolarization & relaxation occurs—-diastole)
- S-T segment (ventricular systole–contraction)
- T wave (ventricular repolarization)
- Q-T internal (ventricles contract & begin to relax)
S1 heart sound “lubb” is caused by…
blood turbulence against closed AV (bicuspid & tricuspid) valves…occurs @ the beginning of isovolumetric contraction phase of cardiac cycle
**S2 heart sound caused by blood rebounding against closed semilunar valves; occurs during isovlumetric relaxation phase of cardiac cycle)
After ventricles contract, this is the amount of blood that is left behind (in ventricles)
End systolic volume (ESV)
CO=SVHR
(cardiac output=stroke volumeheart rate)
CO=(End Diastolic Volume-End Systolic Volume) * HR
What are baroreceptors & where are they located in the body?
Baroreceptors are pressure receptors that are part of the baroreflex & monitor stretching in blood vessels caused by blood pressure; they are located in aorta & internal carotid arteries
Pt gave himself a shot w/EPI pen due to stung by a bee (allergic). Later he drank 6 cans of Red Bull & read…What are all of the agents that the pt introduced to his body? What will they do to his heart?
- positive inotropic agents
- they increase contractility of the heart
- positive chronotropic agents increase heart rate
- cause PVCs (premature ventricular contractions
Pathway blood flow
-drawing
Cardiac output
CO=SV * HR
SV=edv-esv
Cardiac output
CO=SV * HR
SV=edv-esv
Blood vessels
Arteries-carry blood away from heart Arterioles-smaller arteries Capillaries-smallest vessels Venules-smaller veins Veins-carry blood back to heart
