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Anatomy & Physiology II > Exam 2 (Chapters 18 & 19) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Chapters 18 & 19) Flashcards

1
Q

Patient has severe bacterial infection. What leukocyte would rise in response to this type of infection?

A

Neutrophils (most abundant granulocytes & function phagocytize bacteria & release antimicrobial chemicals

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2
Q

WBC classified as granulocytes & functions

A

-

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3
Q

What plasma protein is important for transporting substances (lipid-soluble hormones & iron), constitutes antibodies in blood, & has a role in blood clotting?
Where are most plasma proteins made in the body?

A 
Globulins:
~Alpha (prothrombin)--blood clotting
~Alpha (others)--transport lipid-soluble hormones
~Beta (transferrin) -- transports iron
~Beta (complement) --immune system
~Gamma-- antibodies

**Most are made in liver; gamma globulins made by plasma cells

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4
Q

Van is normally a couch potato, but decides to take up bike riding since his recent move from New York City to Denver. What condition does Van run the risk of developing? Why?

A
  • Secondary Polycythemia
  • several factors are linked to hypoxemia & stimulate EPO such as: sudden strenuous aerobic exercise, move to high altitude, exposure to air pollution in NYC (another factor would include if pt is a smoker)
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5
Q

Thrombopoietin stimulates the production of what cell that is a precursor to platelets?

A
  • megakaryocytes (platelets are fragments of these cells)
  • thrombopoietin is produced by the liver
  • Thrombocytes (platelets) have a role in blood clotting
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6
Q

Where is EPO (erythropoietin) produced & its effect in blood?

A
  • produced by kidneys

- increase RBC’s formation

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7
Q

When a person eats a diet high in iron (red meat) what happens to the dietary iron once in the GI tract?

A

After passing through the stomach to small intestine, iron is absorbed into the blood & binds to transferrin (plasma protein). Transferrin carries the iron to the bone marrow (for hemoglobin synthesis), muscle (myoglobin synthesis), & liver (stored for later use as ferritin)

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8
Q

Platelets are known to release a vasoconstrictor & a chemical to attract more platelets to an area during hemostasis – what are these chemicals?

A
  • serotonin (vasoconstrictor) & ADP (attracts more platelets to the area)
  • known as the platelet release reaction

**platelet adhesion is facilitated by von Wilebrand factor (vWF)

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9
Q

This coagulation reaction pathway is initiated by clotting factors released by a damaged blood vessel or perivascular tissue (around the vessel)

A

Extrinsic mechanism; tends to take a shorter amount of time for a clot to form as opposed to the intrinsic mechanism

**both extrinsic & intrinsic mechanisms lead to formation of active Factor X (Xa) which begins the common pathway for coagulation

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10
Q

Prenatal care is important. Erythroblastosis fetalis (Hemolytic Disease of Newborn) is a condition that can be avoided w/approproate prenatal care & the administration of RhoGAM to a pregnant woman. How does RhoGAM work?

A

RhoGAM binds to the Rh antigens on fetal RBCs so they do not stimulate the mother’s immune system to produce antibody against the Rh antigen

**RhoGAM is used when mom is Rh- & the fetus is Rh+

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11
Q

ABO blood types

antigens on RBC, antibodies in plasma, possible donors & recipients

A
  • -TYPE A: receive from A & O_donate to AB & A_Antibody Anti-B_Antigen A
  • -TYPE B: receive from B & O_donate to AB & B_ Antibody Anti-A_Antigen B
  • TYPE AB: receive from A, B, AB, O “universal recipient”_donate to AB_No Antibody_Antigens A & B
  • TYPE O: receive from O_donate to A, B, AB, O “universal donor_Antibody Anti-A, Anti-B_No Antigen
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12
Q

Actual “pacemaker” of the heart that sets the sinus rhythm

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node; 70-80 beats per minute for sinus rhythm

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13
Q

“backup pacemaker”

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node; 40-50beats per minute for nodal rhythm

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14
Q

What nerves are responsible for carrying impulses from the cardioinhibitory center of the brain to the heart & slowing down the heart rate?

A

Vagus nerves

-releases ACh

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15
Q

What nerves increase the force of cardiac contraction & heart rate?
What neurotransmitters are released by the nerves?
What division of the ANS would dominate in this situation?

A
  • cardiac nerves
  • releases norepinephrine & EPI
  • sympathetic nervous system dominates
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16
Q

Cardiac muscle is dependent upon aerobic respiration. Name some adaptations to cardiac muscle cells (cardiocytes) that are due to this dependency.

A

High amount of glycogen & myoglobin, large mitochondria

17
Q

Cardiac muscle cells unique for electrical behavior.
An area where their action potentials are similar among other electrically excitable cells-sodium moves into the cell, causes depolarization & when potassium leaves cells, causes repolarization
An area where cardiocytes difer is the period of prolonged depolarization known as a plateau–what happens?

A

Plateau occurs due to calcium entering into the cardiocytes which prolongs depolarization. Plateau enables the cardiocytes to contract for a prolonged period

18
Q 
Normal EKG 
(waveforms, intervals & segments of cardiac function)
A

Fig. 19.15

  • P wave (atrial depolarization)
  • P-Q segment (atrial systole)
  • QRS complex (ventricular depolarization–atrial repolarization & relaxation occurs—-diastole)
  • S-T segment (ventricular systole–contraction)
  • T wave (ventricular repolarization)
  • Q-T internal (ventricles contract & begin to relax)
19
Q

S1 heart sound “lubb” is caused by…

A

blood turbulence against closed AV (bicuspid & tricuspid) valves…occurs @ the beginning of isovolumetric contraction phase of cardiac cycle

**S2 heart sound caused by blood rebounding against closed semilunar valves; occurs during isovlumetric relaxation phase of cardiac cycle)

20
Q

After ventricles contract, this is the amount of blood that is left behind (in ventricles)

A

End systolic volume (ESV)

CO=SVHR
(cardiac output=stroke volumeheart rate)

CO=(End Diastolic Volume-End Systolic Volume) * HR

21
Q

What are baroreceptors & where are they located in the body?

A

Baroreceptors are pressure receptors that are part of the baroreflex & monitor stretching in blood vessels caused by blood pressure; they are located in aorta & internal carotid arteries

22
Q

Pt gave himself a shot w/EPI pen due to stung by a bee (allergic). Later he drank 6 cans of Red Bull & read…What are all of the agents that the pt introduced to his body? What will they do to his heart?

A
  • positive inotropic agents
  • they increase contractility of the heart
  • positive chronotropic agents increase heart rate
  • cause PVCs (premature ventricular contractions
23
Q

Pathway blood flow

A

-drawing

24
Q

Cardiac output

A

CO=SV * HR

SV=edv-esv

24
Q

Cardiac output

A

CO=SV * HR

SV=edv-esv

25
Q

Blood vessels

A 
Arteries-carry blood away from heart
Arterioles-smaller arteries
Capillaries-smallest vessels
Venules-smaller veins
Veins-carry blood back to heart

Anatomy & Physiology II (4 decks)

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