Exam 1 (Chapters 16 & 17) Flashcards
People put their hair into a ponytail and are less aware of it after a short period of time…what receptors are attached to the hair follicles and why?
Phasic receptors;
are able to adapt quickly
**phasic receptors also involved w/smell
Zinc helps treatment of anosmia by stimulating growth of chemoreceptors (olfactory receptors) from a stem cell…these are unique because what type of cell does not typically regenerate
Bipolar neurons (ONLY neurons exposed to external environment); anosmia=without smells
Primary olfactory cortex is located where in brain?
What other areas is the olfactory pathway found in the brain?
- temporal lobes
- travels to structures of limbic system linked to one’s emotional responses
- *olfactory signals is only sense that reaches cerebral cortex directly)
Facial nerve has been damaged, what taste sensations would be primarily affected by damage?
What part of the patient’s tongue has been impacted?
- sweet, sour, salty
- front 2/3 of tongue
**pain, touch, taste also affected
What is the largest papillae found at the back of the tongue that contain taste buds?
What papillae do not contain taste buds, because they are tactile receptors?
- circumvallate or vallate papillae
- filiform papillae
GUSTATORY PATHWAY
What parts of our brain are responsible for activating these autonomic reflexes (salivation, gagging, vomiting)?
nuclei in Amygdala & hypothalamus
What structures compose the fibrous tunic of the eye?
cornea (avascular) & sclera
The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) innervates & impacts what structures associated w/ special senses?
Parasympathetic Innervation:
- gustation- facial & glossopharyngeal nerves (salivation)
- Vision- Facial nerve (lacrimation)
- Oculomotor nerve (constriction of iris via circular muscles)
What fibers come off of each eye & decussate @ the optic chiasma?
What fibers stay on the same side (remain ipsilateral)?
- medial fibers decussate (cross)
- lateral fibers remain ipsilateral (stay on same side)
This part of photopigment is the reason why people say that “carrots are good for one’s eyesight” since it is formed from carotene (found in carrots)
Retinal (a vitamin A derivative that forms the light-absorbing part of photopigment)
During phototransduction in daylight, the bipolar cell_____, while the ganglion cell_____.
- bipolar cell: releases neurotransmitter
- ganglion cell: produces an action potential
(opp occurs in the absence of light)
When a little kid spins around in a circle, what sense organ in the ear are they testing?
cristae ampullaris (located in semicircular ducts of the semicircular canals)
What movement is detected by macula utriculi?
What movement is detected by the macula sacculi? (both located in vestibule)
- horizontal plane
- vertical plane
What hair cells in the Organ of Corti (found in cochlea of inner ear) enable a person to hear?
inner hair cells
What do the short, stiff hairs (near oval window) & long, floppy hairs (near cochlear apex) detect what frequency of sound?
- high frequency pitch
- low frequency pitch
Epinephrine (& other catecholamines), thyroid hormones (T3 & T4), & melatonin are all considered to be in what class of hormones?
monamine (or Biogenic amine) hormones
**catecholamines are hydrophilic & thyroid hormones are hydrophobic
How are hydrophilic & hydrophobic hormones transported in the blood?
Hydrophobic: steroids & thyroid-diffuse thru plasma membrane-bind to intercellular receptor-cell response
Hydrophilic: peptides & catecholamines-bind to membrane-cell response
The release of PTH (parathyroid hormone) is triggered by low calcium levels in the blood or a type of ______ stimuli.
What other hormone is released due to calcium levels?
- humoral
- calcitonin; release is triggered by high blood calcium levels
Since insulin lowers blood glucose levels & glucagon raises blood glucose levels, it is said that these 2 hormones have an opposite or _____ effect on one another.
antagonist
What cells in the pancreatic islets secrete insulin & glucagon?
What triggers the release of each hormone?
- beta cells secrete insulin (triggered by high glucose)
- alpha cells secrete glucagon (triggered by low glucose)
What receptors do hydrophobic hormones bind to when acting on their target cell?
intracellular receptors (in nucleus or cytosol of cell)
What hormones are hydrophobic?
-sex steroids, corticosteroids, calcitriol
_____ is a mineralcorticoid that is secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. What are the effects of this hormone in the body?
- Aldosterone
- effects of aldosterone: increases renal sodium & water retention
ACTH stimulates the production & secretion of _____ from the zona fasciculata & zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone & hydrocortisone)
**these hormones function as an anti-inflammatory, & breakdown proteins & fats in the body)
What 2 hormones are made in the hypothalamus & stored in the posterior pituitary?
- oxytocin
- ADH
- *oxytocin: milk letdown, childbirth, emotional bonding
- *ADH: retention of water by kidneys, decrease urine output
What hormone works to increase osteoblast activity (increasing calcium deposition into bones) & decreases one’s blood calcium level?
calcitonin
What gland secretes calcitonin?
What hormone is the antagonist of calcitonin & what gland secretes that hormone?
- thyroid gland
- PTH is antagonist
- parathyroid gland
Chromaffin cells are linked to the sympathetic nervous system. These cells produce & secrete epinephrine & norepinephrine. Name some of the effects of the hormones released by these cells
- Elevated heart rate
- Elevated blood pressure
- Elevated metabolic rate
- Elevated blood sugar
- Fat catabolism (breakdown)
Where are chromaffin cells found?
-adrenal medulla
Diabetes mellitus & diabetes insipidus have similar hallmark symptoms (polyuria, polydipsia); however the causes are diff. How do they differ in terms of hormones?
- Diabetes insipidus: associated w/ADH or lack of ADH receptors
- Diabetes mellitus (Type 1): accounts for 5-10% of DM cases in U.S.; it is due to low levels of insulin
Lou has had issues sleeping lately & was told by a friend to purchase a special type of supplement from a vitamin store to help him sleep. What supplement do you suspect Lou was recommended?
melatonin
What gland secretes melatonin? How does its secretion fluctuate throughout 24 hour period?
- pineal gland
- circadian rhythms
Tonic receptors
Adapt more slowly (proprietors)
Tastebuds
Found in lingual papillae
Circumvallate-largest back of tongue
Fungiform-all over (tip & sides)
Foliate-sides of tongue (leave @ age 2)
Filiform-all over (no tastebuds)
Primary Taste sites
Sweet (tip of tongue) Sour (sides of tongue) Salty (sides) Bitter (back of tongue) Umami (back of throat)
Parasympathetic
SLUDDE
Salivation Lacrimation Urination & defecation Digestion Emesis
