Exam 1 (Chapters 16 & 17)

Question 1

People put their hair into a ponytail and are less aware of it after a short period of time…what receptors are attached to the hair follicles and why?

Answer 1

Phasic receptors;
are able to adapt quickly

**phasic receptors also involved w/smell

Question 2

Zinc helps treatment of anosmia by stimulating growth of chemoreceptors (olfactory receptors) from a stem cell…these are unique because what type of cell does not typically regenerate

Answer 2

Bipolar neurons (ONLY neurons exposed to external environment); 
anosmia=without smells

Question 3

Primary olfactory cortex is located where in brain?

What other areas is the olfactory pathway found in the brain?

Answer 3

• temporal lobes
• travels to structures of limbic system linked to one’s emotional responses
• *olfactory signals is only sense that reaches cerebral cortex directly)

Question 4

Facial nerve has been damaged, what taste sensations would be primarily affected by damage?
What part of the patient’s tongue has been impacted?

Answer 4

• sweet, sour, salty
• front 2/3 of tongue

**pain, touch, taste also affected

Question 5

What is the largest papillae found at the back of the tongue that contain taste buds?
What papillae do not contain taste buds, because they are tactile receptors?

Answer 5

• circumvallate or vallate papillae

- filiform papillae

Question 6

GUSTATORY PATHWAY

What parts of our brain are responsible for activating these autonomic reflexes (salivation, gagging, vomiting)?

Answer 6

nuclei in Amygdala & hypothalamus

Question 7

What structures compose the fibrous tunic of the eye?

Answer 7

cornea (avascular) & sclera

Question 8

The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) innervates & impacts what structures associated w/ special senses?

Answer 8

Parasympathetic Innervation:

1. gustation- facial & glossopharyngeal nerves (salivation)
2. Vision- Facial nerve (lacrimation)
   - Oculomotor nerve (constriction of iris via circular muscles)

Question 9

What fibers come off of each eye & decussate @ the optic chiasma?
What fibers stay on the same side (remain ipsilateral)?

Answer 9

• medial fibers decussate (cross)

- lateral fibers remain ipsilateral (stay on same side)

Question 10

This part of photopigment is the reason why people say that “carrots are good for one’s eyesight” since it is formed from carotene (found in carrots)

Answer 10

Retinal (a vitamin A derivative that forms the light-absorbing part of photopigment)

Question 11

During phototransduction in daylight, the bipolar cell_____, while the ganglion cell_____.

Answer 11

• bipolar cell: releases neurotransmitter
• ganglion cell: produces an action potential

(opp occurs in the absence of light)

Question 12

When a little kid spins around in a circle, what sense organ in the ear are they testing?

Answer 12

cristae ampullaris (located in semicircular ducts of the semicircular canals)

Question 13

What movement is detected by macula utriculi?

What movement is detected by the macula sacculi? (both located in vestibule)

Answer 13

• horizontal plane

- vertical plane

Question 14

What hair cells in the Organ of Corti (found in cochlea of inner ear) enable a person to hear?

Answer 14

inner hair cells

Question 15

What do the short, stiff hairs (near oval window) & long, floppy hairs (near cochlear apex) detect what frequency of sound?

Answer 15

• high frequency pitch

- low frequency pitch

Question 16

Epinephrine (& other catecholamines), thyroid hormones (T3 & T4), & melatonin are all considered to be in what class of hormones?

Answer 16

monamine (or Biogenic amine) hormones

**catecholamines are hydrophilic & thyroid hormones are hydrophobic

Question 17

How are hydrophilic & hydrophobic hormones transported in the blood?

Answer 17

Hydrophobic: steroids & thyroid-diffuse thru plasma membrane-bind to intercellular receptor-cell response

Hydrophilic: peptides & catecholamines-bind to membrane-cell response

Question 18

The release of PTH (parathyroid hormone) is triggered by low calcium levels in the blood or a type of ______ stimuli.
What other hormone is released due to calcium levels?

Answer 18

• humoral

- calcitonin; release is triggered by high blood calcium levels

Question 19

Since insulin lowers blood glucose levels & glucagon raises blood glucose levels, it is said that these 2 hormones have an opposite or _____ effect on one another.

Answer 19

antagonist

Question 20

What cells in the pancreatic islets secrete insulin & glucagon?
What triggers the release of each hormone?

Answer 20

• beta cells secrete insulin (triggered by high glucose)

- alpha cells secrete glucagon (triggered by low glucose)

Question 21

What receptors do hydrophobic hormones bind to when acting on their target cell?

Answer 21

intracellular receptors (in nucleus or cytosol of cell)

Question 22

What hormones are hydrophobic?

Answer 22

-sex steroids, corticosteroids, calcitriol

Question 23

_____ is a mineralcorticoid that is secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. What are the effects of this hormone in the body?

Answer 23

• Aldosterone

- effects of aldosterone: increases renal sodium & water retention

Question 24

ACTH stimulates the production & secretion of _____ from the zona fasciculata & zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

Answer 24

glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone & hydrocortisone)

**these hormones function as an anti-inflammatory, & breakdown proteins & fats in the body)

Question 25

What 2 hormones are made in the hypothalamus & stored in the posterior pituitary?

Answer 25

• oxytocin
• ADH
• *oxytocin: milk letdown, childbirth, emotional bonding
• *ADH: retention of water by kidneys, decrease urine output

Question 26

What hormone works to increase osteoblast activity (increasing calcium deposition into bones) & decreases one’s blood calcium level?

Answer 26

calcitonin

Question 27

What gland secretes calcitonin?

What hormone is the antagonist of calcitonin & what gland secretes that hormone?

Answer 27

• thyroid gland
• PTH is antagonist
• parathyroid gland

Question 28

Chromaffin cells are linked to the sympathetic nervous system. These cells produce & secrete epinephrine & norepinephrine. Name some of the effects of the hormones released by these cells

Answer 28

• Elevated heart rate
• Elevated blood pressure
• Elevated metabolic rate
• Elevated blood sugar
• Fat catabolism (breakdown)

Question 29

Where are chromaffin cells found?

Answer 29

-adrenal medulla

Question 30

Diabetes mellitus & diabetes insipidus have similar hallmark symptoms (polyuria, polydipsia); however the causes are diff. How do they differ in terms of hormones?

Answer 30

• Diabetes insipidus: associated w/ADH or lack of ADH receptors
• Diabetes mellitus (Type 1): accounts for 5-10% of DM cases in U.S.; it is due to low levels of insulin

Question 31

Lou has had issues sleeping lately & was told by a friend to purchase a special type of supplement from a vitamin store to help him sleep. What supplement do you suspect Lou was recommended?

Answer 31

melatonin

Question 32

What gland secretes melatonin? How does its secretion fluctuate throughout 24 hour period?

Answer 32

• pineal gland

- circadian rhythms

Question 32

Tonic receptors

Answer 32

Adapt more slowly (proprietors)

Question 33

Tastebuds

Found in lingual papillae

Answer 33

Circumvallate-largest back of tongue
Fungiform-all over (tip & sides)
Foliate-sides of tongue (leave @ age 2)
Filiform-all over (no tastebuds)

Question 34

Primary Taste sites

Answer 34

Sweet (tip of tongue)
Sour (sides of tongue)
Salty (sides)
Bitter (back of tongue)
Umami (back of throat)

Question 35

Parasympathetic

SLUDDE

Answer 35

Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination & defecation
Digestion
Emesis