Exam 3: Chapter 8, 9, 10 and 11 Flashcards
Fertility Rate
A measure reported as: 1. average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime 2. number of children born per 1,000 women ages 15-44 3. number of children born per 1,000 population
Mortality Rate
A measure of the number of deaths in a population
Pronatalism
A cultural value that encourages childbearing
Direct Financial Costs
Out-of-pocket expenses for things such as food, clothing, housing, and education
Opportunity Cost
Lost opportunities for income by working only part-time or not at all because of children
Infertility
The inability to conceive a child
Assisted reproductive technology
All fertility treatments in which either egg or sperm (or both) are handled
Surrogacy
The act of giving birth to a child for another person or couple who then adopts or takes legal custody of the child
Traditional Surrogacy
A type of surrogacy where the man’s sperm is implanted in the surrogate through artificial insemination
Gestational Surrogacy
A type of surrogacy where the intended mother’s eggs is combined with the man’s sperm and implanted in the surrogate through in-virto fertilization
Medicalization of Childbirth
The belief that childbirth is a medical event in need of drugs and technological intervention
Birth Centers
Freestanding facilities (usually with close access to, but not affiliated with, a hospital) where childbirth is approached as a normal, healthy process
Closed adoption
An adoption where identifying information is sealed and unavailable to all parties
Open adoption
A type of adoption that involves direct contact between the biological and adoptive parents
Content Analysis
A research method that systemically examines the content of materials
Public adoption
An adoption that occurs through licensed public agencies
Private adoption
An adoption arranged directly between adoptive parents and the biological birth mother, usually with the assistance of an attorney
Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
An act that requires employers with over 50 employees to provide 12 weeks of unpaid leave to eligible employees (both men and women) to care for themselves or their immediate families with specified medical conditions
Family allowance (or child allowance)
A cash benefit to families provided by the government to help offset the costs of raising children
Socialization
The lifelong process by which we acquire the cultural values and skills needed to function as human beings and participate in society
id
According to Freud, the part of the personality that includes biological drives and needs for immediate gratification
ego
According to Freud, the rational component of personality that attempts to balance the need for immediate gratification with the demands of society
superego
According to Freud, this is our conscience, which draws upon our cultural values and norms to help us understand why we cannot have everything we want
sensorimotor stage
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development (from birth to age 2) in which infants and toddlers understand the world primarily through touch, sucking, listening, and looking
Preoperational thought
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, occurring from age 2 through 7, as the child learns language, symbolic play, and symbolic drawing, but does not grasp abstract concepts
Concrete Operational Thought
Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, which occurs between the ages of 7 and 12 when children begin to see the causal connections in their surroundings, and can manipulate categories, classification systems, and hierarchies in groups
Formal Operational Thought
Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development, beginning at adolescence and continuing through adulthood, in which children develop capacities for abstract thought and can conceptualize more complex issues or rules that can be used for problem solving
Looking-glass self
Cooley’s suggestion that we come to see ourselves as others perceive and respond to us
Role Taking
According to Mead, the process of mentally assuming the role of another person to understand the world from their point of view and to anticipate their response to us
Social learning theory
Developed by Alfred Bandura, the theory that behavior is learned through modeling and reinforcement
Racial (or ethnic) socialization
Teaching minority children about prejudice, discrimination, and the coping skills necessary to develop and maintain a strong and healthy self-image
Authoritative Parenting Style
A parenting style that is demanding and maintains high levels of control over the children, but is also warm and receptive
Permissive Parenting
A parenting style that places few controls or demands on the child
Authoritarian Parenting Style
A parenting style that is strict, punitive, and not very warm
Living wage
Wages that are above federal or state minimum wage levels, usually ranging from 100 to 130 percent of the poverty line
Nonstandard work schedules
Job schedules that are part-time, subcontracted, temporary in nature, occur at night, or offer irregular work schedules
Medicaid
The federal-state health care program for eligible poor of all ages
Medicare
The federal health care programs for the elderly
Household Labor
In general, the unpaid work done to maintain family members and/or a home
Routine household labor
Nondiscretionary, routine tasks that can be postponed, such as cooking, washing dishes, or cleaning
Occasional labor
Household tasks that are more time-flexible and more discretionary, such as household repairs, yard care, or paying bills
