Exam 3: Chapter 8, 9, 10 and 11

Question 1

Fertility Rate

Answer 1

A measure reported as: 1. average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime 2. number of children born per 1,000 women ages 15-44 3. number of children born per 1,000 population

Question 2

Mortality Rate

Answer 2

A measure of the number of deaths in a population

Question 3

Pronatalism

Answer 3

A cultural value that encourages childbearing

Question 4

Direct Financial Costs

Answer 4

Out-of-pocket expenses for things such as food, clothing, housing, and education

Question 5

Opportunity Cost

Answer 5

Lost opportunities for income by working only part-time or not at all because of children

Question 6

Infertility

Answer 6

The inability to conceive a child

Question 7

Assisted reproductive technology

Answer 7

All fertility treatments in which either egg or sperm (or both) are handled

Question 8

Surrogacy

Answer 8

The act of giving birth to a child for another person or couple who then adopts or takes legal custody of the child

Question 9

Traditional Surrogacy

Answer 9

A type of surrogacy where the man’s sperm is implanted in the surrogate through artificial insemination

Question 10

Gestational Surrogacy

Answer 10

A type of surrogacy where the intended mother’s eggs is combined with the man’s sperm and implanted in the surrogate through in-virto fertilization

Question 11

Medicalization of Childbirth

Answer 11

The belief that childbirth is a medical event in need of drugs and technological intervention

Question 12

Birth Centers

Answer 12

Freestanding facilities (usually with close access to, but not affiliated with, a hospital) where childbirth is approached as a normal, healthy process

Question 13

Closed adoption

Answer 13

An adoption where identifying information is sealed and unavailable to all parties

Question 14

Open adoption

Answer 14

A type of adoption that involves direct contact between the biological and adoptive parents

Question 15

Content Analysis

Answer 15

A research method that systemically examines the content of materials

Question 16

Public adoption

Answer 16

An adoption that occurs through licensed public agencies

Question 17

Private adoption

Answer 17

An adoption arranged directly between adoptive parents and the biological birth mother, usually with the assistance of an attorney

Question 18

Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA)

Answer 18

An act that requires employers with over 50 employees to provide 12 weeks of unpaid leave to eligible employees (both men and women) to care for themselves or their immediate families with specified medical conditions

Question 19

Family allowance (or child allowance)

Answer 19

A cash benefit to families provided by the government to help offset the costs of raising children

Question 20

Socialization

Answer 20

The lifelong process by which we acquire the cultural values and skills needed to function as human beings and participate in society

Question 21

id

Answer 21

According to Freud, the part of the personality that includes biological drives and needs for immediate gratification

Question 22

ego

Answer 22

According to Freud, the rational component of personality that attempts to balance the need for immediate gratification with the demands of society

Question 23

superego

Answer 23

According to Freud, this is our conscience, which draws upon our cultural values and norms to help us understand why we cannot have everything we want

Question 24

sensorimotor stage

Answer 24

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development (from birth to age 2) in which infants and toddlers understand the world primarily through touch, sucking, listening, and looking

Question 25

Preoperational thought

Answer 25

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, occurring from age 2 through 7, as the child learns language, symbolic play, and symbolic drawing, but does not grasp abstract concepts

Question 26

Concrete Operational Thought

Answer 26

Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, which occurs between the ages of 7 and 12 when children begin to see the causal connections in their surroundings, and can manipulate categories, classification systems, and hierarchies in groups

Question 27

Formal Operational Thought

Answer 27

Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development, beginning at adolescence and continuing through adulthood, in which children develop capacities for abstract thought and can conceptualize more complex issues or rules that can be used for problem solving

Question 28

Looking-glass self

Answer 28

Cooley’s suggestion that we come to see ourselves as others perceive and respond to us

Question 29

Role Taking

Answer 29

According to Mead, the process of mentally assuming the role of another person to understand the world from their point of view and to anticipate their response to us

Question 30

Social learning theory

Answer 30

Developed by Alfred Bandura, the theory that behavior is learned through modeling and reinforcement

Question 31

Racial (or ethnic) socialization

Answer 31

Teaching minority children about prejudice, discrimination, and the coping skills necessary to develop and maintain a strong and healthy self-image

Question 32

Authoritative Parenting Style

Answer 32

A parenting style that is demanding and maintains high levels of control over the children, but is also warm and receptive

Question 33

Permissive Parenting

Answer 33

A parenting style that places few controls or demands on the child

Question 34

Authoritarian Parenting Style

Answer 34

A parenting style that is strict, punitive, and not very warm

Question 35

Living wage

Answer 35

Wages that are above federal or state minimum wage levels, usually ranging from 100 to 130 percent of the poverty line

Question 36

Nonstandard work schedules

Answer 36

Job schedules that are part-time, subcontracted, temporary in nature, occur at night, or offer irregular work schedules

Question 37

Medicaid

Answer 37

The federal-state health care program for eligible poor of all ages

Question 38

Medicare

Answer 38

The federal health care programs for the elderly

Question 39

Household Labor

Answer 39

In general, the unpaid work done to maintain family members and/or a home

Question 40

Routine household labor

Answer 40

Nondiscretionary, routine tasks that can be postponed, such as cooking, washing dishes, or cleaning

Question 41

Occasional labor

Answer 41

Household tasks that are more time-flexible and more discretionary, such as household repairs, yard care, or paying bills