Exam 3 (Chapter 4) Flashcards
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sensations
sense organs responding to external stimuli
perception
process where messages from senses are given meaning
accessory structures
modify incoming energy
- lens
- pinna of ear
- nose
- skin
neural receptors
perform transduction
transduction
taking physical stimulus and turning it into neural impulse
sensory nerves
- afferent neurons
- transfer info from receptor cells to CNS
info goes to thalamus except which sense
except smell
sensory adaptation
constant exposure of stimulus will decrease sense organ response
sound
repetitive difference in pressure of a medium
ex) air or water
physical characteristics of sound determine psychological dimensions
- Loudness (amps)
- Pitch (freq)
- Timbre (quality of sound)
Pinna
collects and shapes sound
tympanic membrane
- ear drum
- vibrates
ossicles
amplifies sound
- malleus (hammer)
- uncus (anvil)
- stapes (stirrup)
semi circular canals and vestibular sacs
fluid filled organs for equilibrium
cochlea
snail like
-transduction occurs here
basilar membrane
sheet of tissue runs length of cochlea
organ of corti
- rests on basilar
- contains hair cells which are receptor cells
acoustic/auditory nerve
transmit messages to brain to auditory cortex
-afferent neuron
damage to middle or inner ear =
2 types of deafness
conduction deafness (middle)
- bones fuse together and don’t vibrate
- treated by hearing aid
nerve deafness (inner)
- damage to acoustic nerve/hair cells
- treated by cochlear implants
cornea
- bends light waves
- protects eye
- accessory structure
aqueous humor
- watery substance back of cornea
- nourishes the eye
- keeps cornea rounded
pupil
- adjustable opening
- constricts and dilates
iris
- controls pupil
- doughnut shaped muscle
- gives us eye colour
lens
- focus visual image on retina
- myopia (near sightedness)
- hyperopia (far sightedness, Marcy)
ciliary muscles
- changes shape of lens if object is moving away or to
- bends light rays
- ocular accommodation
vitreous humor
- jelly like
- most of eye
- gives shape
retina
- transduction occurs here
- retina image is upside down and brain flips it
- 3 layers of cells
photoreceptors
-cell of retina
-perform transduction
2 cells
1. rods
2. cones
rods
- part of photoreceptors
- highly sensitive to light
- better in dim light
- not sensitive to color (black and white)
cones
- part of photoreceptors
- less sensitive to light
- better in bright light
- distinguish color
- gives sharper image
bipolar neurons
-cell of retina
pass signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells
ganglion cells (afferent)
- cell of retina
- on surface of retina
- generate potentials
- make up optic nerve
afferent
going to brain
efferent
going away from brain
fovea
- small area in retina
- packed with cones
blindspot
-no receptor cells
trichromatic theory
- cones most sensitive to wavelengths to red, blue, green
- 3 types of cones
- short (blue)
- medium (green)
- long (red)
opponent process theory
- color sensitive visual elements are grouped into pairs
- pairs oppose each other
- red/green, blue/yellow, black/white
trichromats
normal vision
dichromat
color blind in ONE of three system
-2 systems work
monochromat
- color blind in all systems
- only see black and white
human taste system detects 4 things
- sweet
- sour
- bitter
- salty
auditory canal
in outer ear
-collects sound
