Exam 3 (Chapter 4)

Question 1

sensations

Answer 1

sense organs responding to external stimuli

Question 2

perception

Answer 2

process where messages from senses are given meaning

Question 3

accessory structures

Answer 3

modify incoming energy

• lens
• pinna of ear
• nose
• skin

Question 4

neural receptors

Answer 4

perform transduction

Question 5

transduction

Answer 5

taking physical stimulus and turning it into neural impulse

Question 6

sensory nerves

Answer 6

• afferent neurons

- transfer info from receptor cells to CNS

Question 7

info goes to thalamus except which sense

Answer 7

except smell

Question 8

sensory adaptation

Answer 8

constant exposure of stimulus will decrease sense organ response

Question 9

sound

Answer 9

repetitive difference in pressure of a medium

ex) air or water

Question 10

physical characteristics of sound determine psychological dimensions

Answer 10

1. Loudness (amps)
2. Pitch (freq)
3. Timbre (quality of sound)

Question 11

Pinna

Answer 11

collects and shapes sound

Question 12

tympanic membrane

Answer 12

• ear drum

- vibrates

Question 13

ossicles

Answer 13

amplifies sound

• malleus (hammer)
• uncus (anvil)
• stapes (stirrup)

Question 14

semi circular canals and vestibular sacs

Answer 14

fluid filled organs for equilibrium

Question 15

cochlea

Answer 15

snail like

-transduction occurs here

Question 16

basilar membrane

Answer 16

sheet of tissue runs length of cochlea

Question 17

organ of corti

Answer 17

• rests on basilar

- contains hair cells which are receptor cells

Question 18

acoustic/auditory nerve

Answer 18

transmit messages to brain to auditory cortex

-afferent neuron

Question 19

damage to middle or inner ear =

Answer 19

2 types of deafness

Question 20

conduction deafness (middle)

Answer 20

• bones fuse together and don’t vibrate

- treated by hearing aid

Question 21

nerve deafness (inner)

Answer 21

• damage to acoustic nerve/hair cells

- treated by cochlear implants

Question 22

cornea

Answer 22

• bends light waves
• protects eye
• accessory structure

Question 23

aqueous humor

Answer 23

• watery substance back of cornea
• nourishes the eye
• keeps cornea rounded

Question 24

pupil

Answer 24

• adjustable opening

- constricts and dilates

Question 25

iris

Answer 25

- controls pupil - doughnut shaped muscle - gives us eye colour

Question 26

lens

Answer 26

- focus visual image on retina - myopia (near sightedness) - hyperopia (far sightedness, Marcy)

Question 27

ciliary muscles

Answer 27

- changes shape of lens if object is moving away or to - bends light rays - ocular accommodation

Question 28

vitreous humor

Answer 28

- jelly like - most of eye - gives shape

Question 29

retina

Answer 29

- transduction occurs here - retina image is upside down and brain flips it - 3 layers of cells

Question 30

photoreceptors

Answer 30

-cell of retina -perform transduction 2 cells 1. rods 2. cones

Question 31

rods

Answer 31

- part of photoreceptors - highly sensitive to light - better in dim light - not sensitive to color (black and white)

Question 32

cones

Answer 32

- part of photoreceptors - less sensitive to light - better in bright light - distinguish color - gives sharper image

Question 33

bipolar neurons

Answer 33

-cell of retina | pass signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells

Question 34

ganglion cells (afferent)

Answer 34

- cell of retina - on surface of retina - generate potentials - make up optic nerve

Question 35

afferent

Answer 35

going to brain

Question 36

efferent

Answer 36

going away from brain

Question 37

fovea

Answer 37

- small area in retina | - packed with cones

Question 38

blindspot

Answer 38

-no receptor cells

Question 39

trichromatic theory

Answer 39

- cones most sensitive to wavelengths to red, blue, green - 3 types of cones 1. short (blue) 2. medium (green) 3. long (red)

Question 40

opponent process theory

Answer 40

- color sensitive visual elements are grouped into pairs - pairs oppose each other - red/green, blue/yellow, black/white

Question 41

trichromats

Answer 41

normal vision

Question 42

dichromat

Answer 42

color blind in ONE of three system | -2 systems work

Question 43

monochromat

Answer 43

- color blind in all systems | - only see black and white

Question 44

human taste system detects 4 things

Answer 44

- sweet - sour - bitter - salty

Question 45

auditory canal

Answer 45

in outer ear | -collects sound