Exam 2 (ch 3) Flashcards
parietal lobe
- plays role in feeling temperature
- touch and pressure sense
nerve
bundle of neurons
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
-contains all neural structures that lie outside brain and spinal cord
PNS components (2 parts)
- somatic
2. autonomic
PNS autonomic parts (2 parts)
- sympathetic
2. parasympathetic
somatic nervous system
- sensory and motor neurons allow sense and respond to environment
- controls voluntary muscles
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
- senses bodys internal functions
- controls glands and involuntary muscle activities of internal organs
central nervous system (CNS)
-spinal cord and brain
spinal cord and brain in CNS
- connects peripheral nervous system to brain
- spinal cord is dense packed nerve fibers
parasympathetic (in PNS autonomic)
- slows body down
- maintains internal equilibrium
- causes opposite of sympathetic charges
sympathetic (in PNS autonomic)
- activation vs arousal function (flight or fight)
- heart rate rises ect.
inhibitory
prevents neuron firing
excitatory chemical reaction
causes action potential to fire
all or none law
-action potential either occur at max or none
2 refractive periods (after cells get stimulation)
- absolute refractive period
- relative refractory period
absolute refractive period
- follows action potential
- can not discharge another impulse
- membrane not excited
relative refractory period
- follows absolute refract period
- membrane excited
- impulse must be stronger than initial impulse
ion channels in the cell membrane (open vs closed)
- when a neuron is stimulated (active) channel opens and positive charges flow in
- interior is positive=depolarized
- channel closes = resting state
neuron is action/potential state
- receiving stimulation
- getting a message
- membrane is permeable
- cell is depolarized
neuron in resting state
- no stimuation
- no message
- no impulse
- membrane is semi permeable
- cell is negatively charged=polarized
cell communication (excitatory and inhibitory)
- neural impulse
- message is conducted
- comm is electrochemical
5 parts of Hindbrain
- brainstem
- pons (bridges)
- medulla
- reticular formation
- cerebellum
brain stem (hindbrain)
supports vital life functions
pons (bridges) (hindbrain)
- bridges lower and upper brain to cerebellum and cerebrum
- contains chemical that keeps sleep-wake cycle
medulla (hindbrain)
- life sustaining functions
ex) heart beat, swallowing
reticular formation
- arouses and excites you
- blocks or allows messages to come in
- if damaged, coma like state
- ‘blue spot’
cerebellum or little brain (hindbrain)
- muscle movement coordination, learning, memory
- messed up by alcohol
midbrain
- contains cluster of sensory and motor neurons
- used for hearing and sight
- pain registered here
forebrain (3 parts)
- Thalamus
- hypothalamus (2 parts)
- limbic system (3 parts)
thalamus (forebrain)
- relay sensory station
- organizes info coming from sensory organs except smell!
- sends messages to right places
Hypothalamus (forebrain) (2 parts)
- hunger, thirst, sex drive
- connected with ANS to stress
1. Lateral
2. ventromedial
Lateral hypothalamus (forebrain)
-when stimulated=tells us to eating/drinking
ventromedial hypothalamus (forebrain)
-when stimulated = tells us to STOP eating/drinking
hypothalamus and hormonal secretions (forebrain)
- regulates sexual behavior
- pleasure and pain
- metabolism
3 parts of limbic system (forebrain)
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- septum
hippocampus (limbic sys, forebrain)
- ‘seahorse’
- forming and remembering memories
- mainly new memories
Amygdala (limbic sys, forebrain)
- ‘almond’
- formation of emotional memories
- self preservation (anger)
- fear
septum (limbic sys, forebrain)
- pleasure
- anger suppression
2 parts of cerebrum (forebrain)
- cortex (forms outermost layer)
2. corpus callosum (neural bridge between 2 hemispheres)
cortex (cerebrum, forebrain)
- outermost layer
- separates humans and animals
fissures or sulci (cerebrum cortex, forebrain)
- valleys in the cerebral cortex
- separate the brain into 4 lobes
pancreas
-regulate blood sugar level w/insulin and glucagon
Hormones
- chemical messengers
- put straight into blood
- slower, widespread messengers (ductless gland)
endocrine system (7 glands)
- pituitary
- pineal
- thyroid
- parathyroids
- pancreas
- adrenal
- gonads
hormones affect…
- reproductive structures
- sexual behaviors
- gender
thyroid gland (in neck)
- secretes thyroxin
- controls metabolic rate
- fat or thin
parathyroid (inside thyroid)
- regulate calcium and phosphate levels
- influences excitability
pineal gland (above brain stem)
- secretes melatonin
- regulates sleep-wake cycle
pituitary gland (located in brain)
- tells when other glands should secrete
- regulates growth
- causes milk production, uterus contraction
adrenal gland (2 parts)
- twin structures above kidneys
1. adrenal cortex =outer layer
2. adrenal medulla =inner core - secretes more than 50 hormones (adrenaline)
adrenal glands response to stress
-in emergency glands activate by ANS to get flight or fight response
gonads
- sex glands
- androgen (male)
- estrogen (female)
testosterone role in pregnancy
-present in 3rd and 4th month after conception to be a male
4 types of cells
- receptor (sense organs)
- neurons (between receptor and effector)
- effector (in muscles and glands)
- glial (do not send or receive nerve impulses)
3 types of neurons
- sensory/Afferent (carry message form sense organs to CNS)
- interneurons (connect neuron to another)
- motor/Efferent (carry message from CNS to sense organs)
frontal lobe
- planning and goal setting behavior
- concentration
- language (left hemisphere)
left hemis lateralization
- language
- verbal abilities
- speech
right hemis lateralization
- spacial relations
- faces
- mental imagery
occipital lobe
- role in vision or sight
- use optic nerves
neuron
basic building block of NS
somatosensory cortex
- in parietal lobe
- receives sensory info
brocas area
- in frontal lobe
- production of speech with help from motor cortex
motor cortex
- in frontal lobe
- controls muscles in voluntary body movements
temporal lobe
- wernickes area
- affect speech comprehension
- hearing
- facial recognition
synaptic cleft
space between neurons
synaptic vessicles
- tiny oval sacs inside terminal buttons
- hold neurotransmitters
terminal buttons
- knobs on end of axon
- keep synaptic vesicles
axon terminals
- branches off axon
- connect to other neurons
nodes of ranvier
- spaces in myelin sheath
- impulses jump from node to node
myelin sheath
- semi circles on axon
- helps message travel smoothly
