Exam 3 (Ch.10, 11, 12, 13, 14 & 15)

Question 1

How does the brain use associative memory?

Answer 1

by associating (connecting) two pieces of information in memory

Question 2

What is an example of associative memory?

Answer 2

thinking of someone when you smell their perfume, or a word triggering a detailed memory

Question 3

Older adults have trouble both ______________ and ________________ memories in associative memory.

Answer 3

creating; retrieving

Question 4

What type of memory declines more than general memory in late adulthood?

Answer 4

associative memory

Question 5

True or False: Older adults who believe that memory worsens with age are not more likely to have memory problems

Answer 5

False

Question 6

What is the stereotype threat?

Answer 6

if older adults are primed (reminded) about the stereotype of older adults having worse memory then they will perform worse on memory tasks

Question 7

What is the difference between social clock and life story?

Answer 7

Life story = looking backward at your past and creating a timeline of past events
Social clock = is looking forward to your future and planning a timeline for future events

Question 8

What is maximum life expectancy?

Answer 8

maximum years an individual can live

Question 9

What is average life expectancy?

Answer 9

age at which half of the individuals born in a particular year will have died

Question 10

Useful life expectancy (active lifespan)

Answer 10

average healthy life expectancy

Question 11

What are the 3 types of theories of biological aging?

Answer 11

programmed theories, wear-and-tear theory, and cellular theories

Question 12

How do programmed theories explain aging?

Answer 12

endocrine theory (hormonal changes), programmed declines in immune system

Question 13

How does the wear-and-tear theory explain aging?

Answer 13

with use, bodies deteriorate over time

Question 14

How does cellular theories explain aging?

Answer 14

Aging happens through random events (mutations, cancer), in which free radical (oxidative stress) may increase disease

Question 15

What is cross-linking theory?

Answer 15

random interaction between proteins and body tissues that result in elastic tissue becoming stiffer, making muscles and arteries less flexible

Question 16

What are telomeres?

Answer 16

cells can only divide a limited number of times

Question 17

What does the Pre-reflective stage of King & Kitchener’s Reflective Judgement Model propose?

Answer 17

there is a correct answer and it can be observed (using senes) or told to me by authorities

Question 18

What does the Quasi-reflective stage of King & Kitchener’s Reflective Judgement Model propose?

Answer 18

all information is equally questionable/subjective

Question 19

What does the Reflective stage of King & Kitchener’s Reflective Judgement Model propose?

Answer 19

Most answers are not absolutely true but some answers are more reliable than others

Question 20

When is the prefrontal cortex fully developed?

Answer 20

by mid-20s

Question 21

True or False: Erickson argues that identity needs to be established before intimacy

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What are the two most important factors in health?

Answer 22

socioeconomic status and education

Question 23

What are primary mental abilities?

Answer 23

groups of related skills (number, word fluency, verbal meaning, inductive reasoning, and spatial orientation)

Question 24

What are secondary mental abilities?

Answer 24

clusters of related primary abilities

Question 25

What is fluid intelligence?

Answer 25

abilitiy to be flexible and adaptive thinkers (decreases in adulthood)

Question 26

What is crystallized intelligence?

Answer 26

knowledge that people acquire through life experience and education in a particular culture (improves until late life)

Question 27

What is postformal thought?

Answer 27

understanding that truth may vary from one situation to another

Question 28

What is a life-span construct?

Answer 28

construct created by young adults that represents a unified sense of the past, present, and future

Question 29

What are the three aspects that make up love?

Answer 29

passion, intimacy and commitment

Question 30

True or False: Overall, more similarities than differences exist between cohabiting and married couples

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Why do people have children?

Answer 31

emotional rewards of children usually outweigh the stress and expense to parents but child-free couples are increasing

Question 32

True or False: Difficulties with bonding with a child is a major issue for nuclear families?

Answer 32

False; adoptive parents, foster parents, and step parents

Question 33

How do people view work?

Answer 33

most work for money and for one of four meanings (developing self, union with others, expressing self, and serving others)

Question 34

How does Holland’s theory explain how people choose their occupations?

Answer 34

people choose occupations to optimize the fit between their individual traits and their occupational interests (6 personality types representing different combinations)

Question 35

How does the social cognitive career theory explain how people choose their occupations?

Answer 35

how people choose careers is influenced by what they think they can do and how well they can do it

Question 36

What is the relationship between job satisfaction and age?

Answer 36

older workers report higher job satisfaction than younger workers

Question 37

What does Vallerand’s passion model propose?

Answer 37

people develop a passion toward enjoyable activities that are incorporated into identity

Question 38

What is the difference between obsessive passion and harmonious passion?

Answer 38

obsessive means they have an uncontrollable urge to engage in the activity and harmonious means they have freely accepted the activity as important for them

Question 39

What is the glass ceiling?

Answer 39

limits women’s occupational attainment

Question 40

What is a glass cliff?

Answer 40

puts women leaders in precarious position, affect how often women achieve top executive positions and how succesfull women leaders are

Question 41

Why do people change occupations?

Answer 41

because of personality, obsolescence, and economic trends

Question 42

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 42

a more destructive disease affecting fingers, wrists, and ankles

Question 43

How do adults learn differently from children?

Answer 43

they need practical connections and a rationale for learning and they are more motivated by internal factors

Question 44

How does the five-factor model explain the dimensions of personality?

Answer 44

proposes five dimensions as neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

Question 45

What is generativity?

Answer 45

middle-aged adults become more concerned with helping others and passing social values and skills to the next generation

Question 46

What is a kin-keeper?

Answer 46

middle-aged mother who keep family traditions alive as a way of linking generations

Question 47

What is the difference between useful and maximum life expectancy?

Answer 47

useful is the the years a person is free from debilitating disease and maximum is the longest any human can live

Question 48

What changes in the neurons normally occur in later life?

Answer 48

neurofibrillary tangles, dendritic changes, and neuritic plaques

Question 49

Why do changes in neurons have significant consequences for functioning?

Answer 49

they reduce the effectiveness with which neurons transmit information

Question 50

Where do the main changes in vision concern in middle age?

Answer 50

The eye and the retina

Question 51

Where do the main changes in hearing concern in middle age?

Answer 51

the presbycusis

Question 52

What type of memory tests do older adults do worse on?

Answer 52

episodic recall

Question 53

What type of memory isn’t affected with age?

Answer 53

semantic and implicit memory

Question 54

What are major causes of depression?

Answer 54

imbalances in neurotransmitters and psychosocial forces (such as loss and internal belief systems)

Question 55

What is dementia and Alzheimers?

Answer 55

Dementia is a family disease that cause severe cognitive impairment. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia

Question 56

What causes parkinson’s disease?

Answer 56

insufficient levels of dopamine

Question 57

What is continuity theory?

Answer 57

the view that people tend to cope with daily life in later adulthood by applying familiar strategies based on past experience to main and preserve both internal and external structures

Question 58

What is the competence-environmental press model?

Answer 58

people adapt better when theres a balance between their ability to cope and level of environmental demands

Question 59

What does it mean to achieve integrity in Erickson’s integrity vs despair stage?

Answer 59

accepting one’s life for what it is (achieving self-affirming and self-accepting and judging their life to be worthwhile and good)

Question 60

What is homogamy?

Answer 60

the similarity of values and interests a couple shares

Question 61

What is social convoy?

Answer 61

how a group of people journeys with us throughout our lives, providing support in good and bad times