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Psyc289 > Exam 1 (Ch.1,2,3) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Ch.1,2,3) Flashcards

1
Q

What does the continuity-discontinuity issue concern?

A

whether people tend to stay on the same developmental path throughout life or change paths

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2
Q

What does the universal versus context-specfic issue concern?

A

whether development follows the same general path in all people or follows a unique path in every sociocultural context

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3
Q

What does the nature-nurture issue concern?

A

the degree in which genetics and environment influence development

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4
Q

What are the basic forces in the biopsychosocial framework?

A

biological, psychological, sociocultural, and life-cycle forces

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5
Q

True or False: The biopsychosocial framework emphasizes that the four forces interact in insolation

A

False; they are mutually interactive

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6
Q

True or False: The biopsychosocial framework believes that in development, the same event can have different effects, depending on when it happens.

A

True

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7
Q

How does neuroscience enhance our understanding of human development?

A

by identifying patterns of brain activity

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8
Q

How do psychodynamic theories explain development?

A

people develop by resolving conflicts they face at different ages

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9
Q

Which theory proposed 8 universal stages, each characterized by a particular challenge?

A

Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory

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10
Q

What does learning theory focus on?

A

the development of observable behavior

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11
Q

What does behaviorism emphasize?

A

the influences of reinforcement and punishment

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12
Q

What does social learning theory propose?

A

that people learn by observing others

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13
Q

Who created social learning theory?

A

Bandura

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14
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

how confident one is in doing a task and it helps determine when someone will imitate

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15
Q

What does cognitive-developmental theory focus on?

A

thought processes

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16
Q

What does Piaget’s theory propose?

A

4 stages in which children create their own schemas to explain how the world works that change with development

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17
Q

What does the information processing theory propose?

A

people deal with information like a computer and we develop by increased efficiency in handling information

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18
Q

What does Vygotsky’s theory propose?

A

children learn by interacting with others

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19
Q

What did Vygotsky emphasize in his cognitive developmental theory?

A

the influence of culture on development

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20
Q

What is an example of an ecological and systems approach?

A

Bronfenbrenner’s Theory

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21
Q

What did Bronfenbrenner’s theory propose?

A

5 different environments/systems of people that interact

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22
Q

What are the 5 systems in Bronfenbrenner’s theory in order?

A

Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem

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23
Q

Which system in Bronfenbrenner’s theory connects the different microsystems to the exosystem?

A

Mesosystem

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24
Q

What does the competence-environmental press theory propose?

A

people adapt when there is a good match between their abilities and the demands of their environment

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25
Q

How does the life-span perspective characterize development?

A

development is characterized by multi-directionality, plasticity, historical context, and multiple causation

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26
Q

What does multidirectionality mean in relation to the life-span perspective?

A

development involves both growth and decline, as people grow in one area, they may decline in another and at different rate

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27
Q

What does historical context mean in relation to the life-span perspective?

A

how people develop is determined by what they have lived through

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28
Q

What does multiple causation mean in relation to the life-span perspective?

A

development happens from biological, psychological, socio-cultural, and life-cycle forces

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29
Q

What does the selective optimization with compensation refer to?

A

the tendency for aging people to focus on compensating for normative loses

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30
Q

In the selective optimization with compensation model, what is selection?

A

continuing previous goals or substituting new goals

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31
Q

In the selective optimization with compensation model, what is compensation?

A

replacing old goals with new more attainable ones

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32
Q

In the selective optimization with compensation model, what is optimization?

A

finding the best match between resources and goals

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33
Q

What does the life-span perspective emphasize?

A

each historical period creates unique sets of experiences

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34
Q

What is systematic observation?

A

watching and recording data

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35
Q

What is the difference between naturalistic observation and structured observation?

A

naturalistic observation means observing the subject in real-life situations while structured is creating a setting to nurture behavior of interest

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36
Q

How do physiological measures help scientists study human development?

A

it provides a way to examine body-behavior relationships

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37
Q

How do scientists ensure reliability and validity in research?

A

with representative sampling

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38
Q

What do researchers examine in correlational studies?

A

relationships between variables

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39
Q

What is a correlation coefficient?

A

number (-1 to 1) that expresses the strength of the relation between two variables

40
Q

In experimental studies, what do researchers draw conclusions from?

A

cause and effect

41
Q

What is the downside of experimental studies?

A

has strict control of other variables, making the situation artificial

42
Q

What is the longitudinal design and what kind of evidence does it provide?

A

subjects are observed repeatedly as they age, provides evidence concerning patterns of one’s development

43
Q

What are the downsides of the longitudinal design?

A

time-consuming, people drop out, repeated testing can affect performance

44
Q

What is the cross-sectional design?

A

testing people of different ages

45
Q

What are the downsides of the cross-sectional design?

A

provides no info about the stability of behavior, cohort effect

46
Q

What is the cohort effect?

A

differences between age groups may reflect environmental events instead of developmental processes

47
Q

What is a sequential design?

A

cross between cross-sectional and longitudinal

48
Q

Which research design is the most susceptible to the cohort effect?

A

sequential studies

49
Q

What ethical procedures must researchers follow?

A

informed consent, approval of a panel of experts

50
Q

What are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes?

A

auto-somes

51
Q

What does the 23rd pair of chromosomes determine?

A

sex

52
Q

What are genes?

A

biochemical instructions in DNA

53
Q

Down syndrome is caused by

A

an extra 21st chromosome

54
Q

How do genes and the environment interact?

A

genes provide the clay in which our environment sculpts to produce phenotypes

55
Q

What happens to a fertilized egg in the first 2 weeks?

A

egg is fertilized in fallopian tube, implants in uterus

56
Q

When do major body structures and internal organs emerge in prenatal development?

A

2 to 8 weeks after conception

57
Q

When can body systems support life?

A

7 months

58
Q

What happens 9 weeks after conception?

A

increase in size, emergence of behavior, body systems support life

59
Q

What are the more dangerous teratogens and why?

A

environmental teratogens because the mother may not be aware of its presence

60
Q

What principles can determine the impact of a teratogen?

A

genotype of mother, amount of exposure, and period of development

61
Q

How can prenatal development be monitored?

A

ultrasound, CVS, and amniocentesis,

62
Q

How can prenatal development be corrected?

A

via surgery or genetic engineering

63
Q

What happens in the first stage of labor and delivery?

A

uterus starts to contract

64
Q

What happens in the second stage of labor and delivery?

A

baby passes through cervix, enters vagina and is delivered

65
Q

What happens in the third stage of labor and delivery?

A

placenta is expelled

66
Q

What are “natural” ways of coping with pain of childbirth?

A

imagery, relaxation (deep breathing), supportive coach

67
Q

What adjustments do parents face after a baby’s birth?

A

adjustments in routines, sleep-wake cycles, and postpartum depression

68
Q

True or False: Preterm babies develop more slowly at first but catch up by 2 or 3 years of age.

A

True

69
Q

What contributes to infant mortality?

A

inadequate care and nutrition before birth, disease

70
Q

How are reflexes helpful to newborns?

A

helps adjust to life outside uterus, protects them from danger, serves as basis for later motor behavior

71
Q

What is the Apgar Scale?

A

score determined by baby’s health by measuring five vital signs

72
Q

What is the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)?

A

scale of 28 behavioral items + 18 that tests reflexes

73
Q

What systems does the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale test?

A

Autonomic systems, motor system, state systems, social systems

74
Q

What are state systems?

A

the ability to maintain a state (asleep or staying alert)

75
Q

Characteristics of alert inactivity in a newborn?

A

calm, eyes open, attentive, inspecting environment

76
Q

Characteristics of waking activity in a newborn?

A

eyes open, unfocused, limbs move in bursts of motion

77
Q

What are features of a surgency/extroversion temperament in a newborn?

A

happy, active, vocal

78
Q

What are features of negative effort temperament in a newborn?

A

angry, fearful, frustrated, shy, not easily soothed

79
Q

What are features of effortful control temperament in a newborn?

A

focuses attention, not readily distracted, and inhibit responses

80
Q

True or False, Breast feeding provide babies with more adequate nutrition than bottle feeding.

A

False, they both provide babies with adequate nutrition

81
Q

What is the frontal cortex associated with?

A

personality and goal-directed behavior

82
Q

What are the left and right hemisphere associated with?

A

The left with language and right with nonverbal processes (ie, perceiving emotion)

83
Q

When is brain specialization evident?

A

In infancy

84
Q

What does brain specialization depend on?

A

stimuli from environment

85
Q

What skills are involved in learning to walk?

A

maintaining balance, using legs alternately

86
Q

When are infants able to walk?

A

by their first birthday

87
Q

When are infants able to use both hands together?

A

5 months

88
Q

When and how is right-handedness or left-handedness determined?

A

Is determined by 1st birthday, genetics determine it but culture can influence it

89
Q

True or False: Newborns can’t smell, taste, or hear until later in development.

A

False

90
Q

When are infants able to see full range of colors?

A

3 months

91
Q

When are babies able to see like adults?

A

1 years old

92
Q

When do children begin to realize that they exist?

A

15 months

93
Q

In what terms do preschoolers define themselves?

A

observable characteristics, physical traits, preferences, competencies, and possessions

94
Q

What is the theory of mind?

A

a person’s ideas about connections between thoughts and behavior

95
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

when the brain removes unused synapses from the brain

96
Q

What is the difference between sensation and perception>

A

sensation is when information interacts with sensory receptors and perception interprets what is sensed

Psyc289 (3 decks)

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