Exam 1 (Ch.1,2,3) Flashcards
What does the continuity-discontinuity issue concern?
whether people tend to stay on the same developmental path throughout life or change paths
What does the universal versus context-specfic issue concern?
whether development follows the same general path in all people or follows a unique path in every sociocultural context
What does the nature-nurture issue concern?
the degree in which genetics and environment influence development
What are the basic forces in the biopsychosocial framework?
biological, psychological, sociocultural, and life-cycle forces
True or False: The biopsychosocial framework emphasizes that the four forces interact in insolation
False; they are mutually interactive
True or False: The biopsychosocial framework believes that in development, the same event can have different effects, depending on when it happens.
True
How does neuroscience enhance our understanding of human development?
by identifying patterns of brain activity
How do psychodynamic theories explain development?
people develop by resolving conflicts they face at different ages
Which theory proposed 8 universal stages, each characterized by a particular challenge?
Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory
What does learning theory focus on?
the development of observable behavior
What does behaviorism emphasize?
the influences of reinforcement and punishment
What does social learning theory propose?
that people learn by observing others
Who created social learning theory?
Bandura
What is self-efficacy?
how confident one is in doing a task and it helps determine when someone will imitate
What does cognitive-developmental theory focus on?
thought processes
What does Piaget’s theory propose?
4 stages in which children create their own schemas to explain how the world works that change with development
What does the information processing theory propose?
people deal with information like a computer and we develop by increased efficiency in handling information
What does Vygotsky’s theory propose?
children learn by interacting with others
What did Vygotsky emphasize in his cognitive developmental theory?
the influence of culture on development
What is an example of an ecological and systems approach?
Bronfenbrenner’s Theory
What did Bronfenbrenner’s theory propose?
5 different environments/systems of people that interact
What are the 5 systems in Bronfenbrenner’s theory in order?
Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem
Which system in Bronfenbrenner’s theory connects the different microsystems to the exosystem?
Mesosystem
What does the competence-environmental press theory propose?
people adapt when there is a good match between their abilities and the demands of their environment
How does the life-span perspective characterize development?
development is characterized by multi-directionality, plasticity, historical context, and multiple causation
What does multidirectionality mean in relation to the life-span perspective?
development involves both growth and decline, as people grow in one area, they may decline in another and at different rate
What does historical context mean in relation to the life-span perspective?
how people develop is determined by what they have lived through
What does multiple causation mean in relation to the life-span perspective?
development happens from biological, psychological, socio-cultural, and life-cycle forces
What does the selective optimization with compensation refer to?
the tendency for aging people to focus on compensating for normative loses
In the selective optimization with compensation model, what is selection?
continuing previous goals or substituting new goals
In the selective optimization with compensation model, what is compensation?
replacing old goals with new more attainable ones
In the selective optimization with compensation model, what is optimization?
finding the best match between resources and goals
What does the life-span perspective emphasize?
each historical period creates unique sets of experiences
What is systematic observation?
watching and recording data
What is the difference between naturalistic observation and structured observation?
naturalistic observation means observing the subject in real-life situations while structured is creating a setting to nurture behavior of interest
How do physiological measures help scientists study human development?
it provides a way to examine body-behavior relationships
How do scientists ensure reliability and validity in research?
with representative sampling
What do researchers examine in correlational studies?
relationships between variables
What is a correlation coefficient?
number (-1 to 1) that expresses the strength of the relation between two variables
In experimental studies, what do researchers draw conclusions from?
cause and effect
What is the downside of experimental studies?
has strict control of other variables, making the situation artificial
What is the longitudinal design and what kind of evidence does it provide?
subjects are observed repeatedly as they age, provides evidence concerning patterns of one’s development
What are the downsides of the longitudinal design?
time-consuming, people drop out, repeated testing can affect performance
What is the cross-sectional design?
testing people of different ages
What are the downsides of the cross-sectional design?
provides no info about the stability of behavior, cohort effect
What is the cohort effect?
differences between age groups may reflect environmental events instead of developmental processes
What is a sequential design?
cross between cross-sectional and longitudinal
Which research design is the most susceptible to the cohort effect?
sequential studies
What ethical procedures must researchers follow?
informed consent, approval of a panel of experts
What are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes?
auto-somes
What does the 23rd pair of chromosomes determine?
sex
What are genes?
biochemical instructions in DNA
Down syndrome is caused by
an extra 21st chromosome
How do genes and the environment interact?
genes provide the clay in which our environment sculpts to produce phenotypes
What happens to a fertilized egg in the first 2 weeks?
egg is fertilized in fallopian tube, implants in uterus
When do major body structures and internal organs emerge in prenatal development?
2 to 8 weeks after conception
When can body systems support life?
7 months
What happens 9 weeks after conception?
increase in size, emergence of behavior, body systems support life
What are the more dangerous teratogens and why?
environmental teratogens because the mother may not be aware of its presence
What principles can determine the impact of a teratogen?
genotype of mother, amount of exposure, and period of development
How can prenatal development be monitored?
ultrasound, CVS, and amniocentesis,
How can prenatal development be corrected?
via surgery or genetic engineering
What happens in the first stage of labor and delivery?
uterus starts to contract
What happens in the second stage of labor and delivery?
baby passes through cervix, enters vagina and is delivered
What happens in the third stage of labor and delivery?
placenta is expelled
What are “natural” ways of coping with pain of childbirth?
imagery, relaxation (deep breathing), supportive coach
What adjustments do parents face after a baby’s birth?
adjustments in routines, sleep-wake cycles, and postpartum depression
True or False: Preterm babies develop more slowly at first but catch up by 2 or 3 years of age.
True
What contributes to infant mortality?
inadequate care and nutrition before birth, disease
How are reflexes helpful to newborns?
helps adjust to life outside uterus, protects them from danger, serves as basis for later motor behavior
What is the Apgar Scale?
score determined by baby’s health by measuring five vital signs
What is the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)?
scale of 28 behavioral items + 18 that tests reflexes
What systems does the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale test?
Autonomic systems, motor system, state systems, social systems
What are state systems?
the ability to maintain a state (asleep or staying alert)
Characteristics of alert inactivity in a newborn?
calm, eyes open, attentive, inspecting environment
Characteristics of waking activity in a newborn?
eyes open, unfocused, limbs move in bursts of motion
What are features of a surgency/extroversion temperament in a newborn?
happy, active, vocal
What are features of negative effort temperament in a newborn?
angry, fearful, frustrated, shy, not easily soothed
What are features of effortful control temperament in a newborn?
focuses attention, not readily distracted, and inhibit responses
True or False, Breast feeding provide babies with more adequate nutrition than bottle feeding.
False, they both provide babies with adequate nutrition
What is the frontal cortex associated with?
personality and goal-directed behavior
What are the left and right hemisphere associated with?
The left with language and right with nonverbal processes (ie, perceiving emotion)
When is brain specialization evident?
In infancy
What does brain specialization depend on?
stimuli from environment
What skills are involved in learning to walk?
maintaining balance, using legs alternately
When are infants able to walk?
by their first birthday
When are infants able to use both hands together?
5 months
When and how is right-handedness or left-handedness determined?
Is determined by 1st birthday, genetics determine it but culture can influence it
True or False: Newborns can’t smell, taste, or hear until later in development.
False
When are infants able to see full range of colors?
3 months
When are babies able to see like adults?
1 years old
When do children begin to realize that they exist?
15 months
In what terms do preschoolers define themselves?
observable characteristics, physical traits, preferences, competencies, and possessions
What is the theory of mind?
a person’s ideas about connections between thoughts and behavior
What is synaptic pruning?
when the brain removes unused synapses from the brain
What is the difference between sensation and perception>
sensation is when information interacts with sensory receptors and perception interprets what is sensed
