Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psyc289 > Exam 2 (Ch.4,5,6,7,8,&9) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Ch.4,5,6,7,8,&9) Flashcards

1
Q

Which theory blieved that the cognitive development occurred through assimilation and accommodation?

A

Piaget

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is assimilation and accommodation?

A

assimilation is when new experiences add to existing schemas, and accommodation is when schemas change from experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens in equilibration?

A

when current schemas are inadequate (disequilibrium), children reorganize their schemas to return to equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does thinking become more advanced during the sensorimotor stage?

A

they become active experimenters (by repeating actions with different objects to see what happens)
develop object permanence
and symbolic behavior emerges at 18 months and by 20 months they can play pretend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of preoperational thinking?

A

egocentrism, centration, and belief in appearance as reality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

the belief that other see the world exactly as you do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some criticisms of Piaget’s theory?

A
  • underestimates infant cognitive competence
  • assimilation and accommodation is too vague to explain the process of change
  • doesn’t account for variability of performance
  • doesn’t emphasize the influence of sociocultural factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the Core Knowledge Hypothesis?

A

it hypothesized that children are born with fundamental knowledge that their experiences help elaborate on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 ways contemporary researchers extended Piaget’s theory?

A
  • Core Knowledge Hypothesis
  • Naive Theories (Naive physics and biology)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the basis of the information-processing approach?

A

thinking is based on both mental hardware and software and becomes more advanced as children develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is mental hardware and software?

A

Hardware is built-in mental and neural structures that allow the mind to operate
Software is “programs” that are the basis of performing particular tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How well do young children pay attention?

A

preschool children gradually learn how to focus their attention but are more easily distracted than older children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What age are the hippocampus and the frontal cortex developed and what are they responsible for?

A

hippocampus develops during the first year and is responsible for storage of info
frontal cortex is developed during the second years and is responsible for the retrieval of info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What 3 principles help children learn to count and how do they help?

A

One-to-one principle (there is exactly one number name for each object)
Stable-order principle (number names must be counted in the same order)
Cardinality principle (number names cannot repeat the last)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

the difference between what a child can do alone and with assistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is scaffolding helpful in teaching youngsters new concepts & skills?

A

allows children to collaborate with the teacher instead of telling them everything to do or letting them struggle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is scaffolding?

A

when teachers match the amount of assistance they offer to the learners’ needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Vygotsky’s view on private speech?

A

he viewed it as a child’s way of guiding themselves and believed that as they gain skills, private speech becomes inner speech (aka thought)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are phenomes?

A

basic building blocks of language sounds that can be joined to create words (consonant sounds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

At what age can infants first hear and make speech sounds?

A

they can distinguish sounds as early as 1 month and start to coo and babble at 2 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do children learn new words and word meanings?

A

they use fast-mapping, the ability to connect new words to referents so rapidly that they cannot consider all possible meanings for the new word causing underextension or overextension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is underextension and overextension?

A

defining a word too narrowly (“car” for only the family car and not other automobiles) or too broadly (“dog” for all four-legged animals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 2 word-learning styles?

A

referential style, when their vocab mainly consists of object, people, action words
expressive style, when their vocab mainly consists of social phrases used like a single word (like “go away”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is telegraphic speech?

A

when speech includes only words directly relevant to te meaning with no grammatical morphemes (e.g. I hungry)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are grammatical morphemes?

A

words or endings of words (-ing, -s) that make a sentence grammatical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is overregularization?

A

when children apply rules to words that are exceptions to the rule (e.g. mans instead of men)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How would a behaviorist explain how children learn grammar?

A

grammar is learned through imitations and reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How would a linguist explain how children learn grammar?

A

children are born with brain circuits for inferring the grammar of their native language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How do cognitive psychologists explain how children learn grammar?

A

children have cognitive skills that detect patterns in their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do social-interaction psychologists explain how children learn grammar?

A

grammar and language is learned through interactions with other people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How well do youngsters communicate with speech?

A

by 10 months, they may point, touch, or make noises to get attention
By 1 year, they converse about themselves and objects in the environment
By 5 years, they may learn to elaborate to listeners who lack critical info and communication is proficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Babies hear ________ from birth. They begin to ____ between 2 and 4 months and then begin to _______ at about 6 months

A

Phonemes, Coo, Babble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

By their 1st birthday, babies begin to talk and to gesture, showing they have begun to use ________.

A

Symbols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

By 18 months, vocabulary expands rapidly due to _________ and ___-_____ sentences merge in telegraphic speech.

A

Fast mapping, two-words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

From 3-5 years vocabulary continues to expand, grammatical ___________ are added but they often ignore _________ in messages they receive.

A

Morphemes, problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are Erikson’s first three stages of psychosocial development?

A

Basic Trust vs Mistrust
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs Guilt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do they gain from the Basic Trust vs Mistrust stage?

A

hope (an openness to new experiences)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What do they gain from Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt stage?

A

will (the knowledge that youngsters can act on their world intentionally)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What do they gain from the Initiative vs Guilt stage?

A

purpose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Describe the preattachment stage.

A

0-2 months, indiscriminate social responsiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Describe attachment-in-the-making stage.

A

2-7 months, discriminate social responsiveness

42
Q

Describe the true attachment stage.

A

7-18 months, specific attachment

43
Q

Describe a reciprocal relationship between a infant and parent.

A

infants take initiative in interactions and begin to understand parents’ feeling and goals

44
Q

How would an infant with secure attachment react if their mother left?

A

may or may not cry but when she returns they will return to playing

45
Q

How would an infant with avoidant attachment react if their mother left?

A

may ignore when she leaves and returns

46
Q

How would an infant with resistant attachment react if their mother left?

A

upset when mother leaves, remains upset/angry when she returns

47
Q

How would an infant with disorganized attachment react if their mother left?

A

seems confused when mother leaves and when she returns

48
Q

What is internal working model?

A

set of expectations an infant develops about parent’s availability and responsiveness

49
Q

What are the three elements of basic emotions?

A
  1. a subjective feeling
  2. physiological change
  3. an overt behavior
50
Q

At ____________ children begin to express basic emotions and stranger wariness?

A

6 months

51
Q

When children look at their parents to interpret the situation its called _________________.

A

social referencing

52
Q

By __ __________ , infants begin to distinguish facial expressions with different emotions.

A

4 months

53
Q

When do complex emotions develop? (typically occurs after some understanding of self)

A

18 to 24 months

54
Q

What type of play involves youngsters to play alone but they may interesting what another is doing?

A

Parallel play

55
Q

What type of play involves youngsters to talk or smile at one another and engage in similar activities?

A

simple social play

56
Q

What type of play includes an organized theme and special roles?

A

Cooperative play

57
Q

What a evident difference between girl and boy actions when playing?

A

girls have enabling actions and boys have constricting action

58
Q

What is alturism?

A

behavior driven by feelings of responsibility towards other people where individuals do not benefit directly from (sharing and helping)

59
Q

By ___ years, youngsters are critical of peers who engage in gender-inappropriate play.

A

3

60
Q

What does the gender-schema theory propose?

A

children first decide whether an object, activity or behavior is associated with females or males, then decide if they should learn more about the object, activity or behavior

61
Q

In conrete-operational stage, ______________ wanes, they gain a understanding that events can be _________________ in many ways, and they understand that appearances can be _______________.

A

egocentrism, interpreted, deceiving

62
Q

What is the distinguishing characteristic of thought in the concrete-operational stage?

A

Mental Operations: cognitive actions can performed on objects or ideas (can think in reverse)

63
Q

In formal-operational, they can think ____________ and reason ___________.

A

hypothetically, abstractly

64
Q

What is the distinguishing characteristic of thought in the formal-operational.

A

Deductive reasoning: ability to draw conclusions

65
Q

What are 2 strategies do children use to improve learning and remembering?

A

Organization (using structured information to remember)
Elaboration (embellishing information to make it more memorable)

66
Q

What is metamemory?

A

a person’s understanding of memory, including the ability to diagnose memory problems and to monitor the effectiveness of strategies

67
Q

What is metacognitive knowledge?

A

knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes

68
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of gifted children?

A
  • are above average
  • passionate and their subject and want to master it
  • are creative thinkers
  • need challenging curriculum to stimulate their minds
69
Q

What are the key characteristics of an intellectual disability?

A

below-average intelligence and problems adapting to an environment (emerges before 18 years of age)

70
Q

What are 4 factors that put an individual at risk for an intellectual disability?

A

biomedical factors
social factors
behavioral factors
educational factors

71
Q

What are the key characteristics of a learning disability? (dyslexia, dyscalculia)

A

difficulty mastering an academic subjet with normal intelligence, and not suffering from other conditions that explain poor performance.

72
Q

What are the distinguishing features of ADHD?

A

hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity

73
Q

What are the 3 primary dimensions of parenting?

A

Degree of warmth and responsiveness, psychological control, and behavioral control

74
Q

Describe authoritarian parenting style.

A

combines high control with little warmth

75
Q

Describe authoritative parenting style.

A

combines a fair degree of parental control with being warm and responsive

76
Q

Describe permissive parenting style?

A

offers warmth and caring but little control

77
Q

What is direct instruction?

A

telling a child what to do, when and explaining why

78
Q

What are the benefits of friendship?

A

greater self-esteem and less likely to be lonely and depressed

79
Q

What is a clique?

A

a small group who are friends and tend be similar in age, sex, race, and attitudes (often dress, talk and act alike)

80
Q

What is instrumental aggression?

A

a child uses aggression to achieve an explicit goal

81
Q

What is hostile aggression?

A

when a child uses unprovoked aggression in order to intimidate or harass another child

82
Q

What is relational aggresssion?

A

children try to hurt others by undermining their social relationships (e.g. spreading rumors)

83
Q

True or False: TV can affect children in different ways depending on the content

A

True

84
Q

True or False: Young children often see others “through rose colored glasses” un about 5 years.

A

False; 10 years

85
Q

As children develop, how do their descriptions of others change?

A

children first describe others in terms of concrete features, later they begin using abstract traits

86
Q

What are the 3 physical changes that occur during adolescence?

A

Physical growth, brain growth, sexual maturation

87
Q

How does the brain grow during adolescence?

A

myelination occurs (makes neurons transmit faster) and synaptic pruning (weeding out unnecessary connections)

88
Q

What are examples of primary and secondary sex characteristics that mature in adolescence?

A

Primary include ovaries, vagina, testes, penis
Secondary include breast, facial hair

89
Q

Which gland is responsible for releasing growth hormones and signaling other glands to secrete hormones?

A

pituitary gland

90
Q

How many calories is healthy for adolescents?

A

2,200 calories for girls, 2,700 calories for boys

91
Q

How do working memory and processing speed change during adolescence?

A

adolescents have adult like working memory capacity and processing speed

92
Q

Describe the stages in the preconvental level of Kholberg’s Theory of Moral reasoning.

A

Obedience and punishment stage, believe that authority figures know what is right and wrong
Individual interest stage, they look out for their own needs

93
Q

Describe the stages of the conventional level of Kholber’gs Theory of Moral reasoning.

A

Interpersonal stage, aims to win the approval of other people by behaving as “good people” would
Authority stage, belief that social roles, expectations and laws exist to maintain order

94
Q

Describe the stages of postconventional level of Kholberg’s Theory of Moral reasoning.

A

Social contract stage, belief that social order and individual provide balance
Universal ethics stage, belief in abstract principles such as justice and quality that may sometimes conflict with society’s expectations and laws

95
Q

What are the criticisms of the Kohlberg’s theory?

A

relies on primarily American and Judeo-Christican culture

96
Q

What are the 4 statuses of achieving an identity?

A

Diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium and achievement.

97
Q

What is the difference between diffusion and foreclosure status?

A

diffusion means they don’t have a strong sense of who they are and not actively working on it
foreclosure means they are commiting to alifestyle without exploring other options

98
Q

What is the different between the moratorium and achievement status?

A

moratorium means they actively exploring options and achievement means they have already explored and have decided and acted on their identity

99
Q

What are the 3 stages of acquiring an ethnic identity?

A

initial disinterest, exploration, and identity achievement

100
Q

How does the Theory of vocational choice explain how adolescents select an occupation?

A

3 stages, crystallization (basic interests are identified), specifications (jobs associated with interests are identified), and implementation (entry to workforce)

Psyc289 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions