Exam 3 (Ch. 7-9, 11) Flashcards
cognition
acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using information
categories
grouped based on perceptual similarity
prototypes
embody the most typical features of concepts
IQ
intelligence quotient; average IQ=100
WAIS
wechsler adult intelligence score; adults over 16
divergent thinking
how well you can come up with different ways to solve problema
identical twins IQ
should be extremely similar (85%)
norm
expected average
developmental psychology
study of how humans grow and change throughout their entire lifespan
Jean Piaget
studied cognitive development and established the four stages of development
Stage 1: Sensorimotor
0-2 years; no real mental representations (later found to be false)
Stage 2: Pre-operational Stage
2-7 years; no real problem solving, lack conservation of number or volume
Stage 3: Concrete Operational Thought
7-11 years; can solve conservation problems if given a concrete example
Stage 4: Formal Operational Thought
12-adult; can think abstractly and hypothetically
gametes
sex cells; only have 23 chromosomes
zygote
0-2 weeks; conception and implantation
embryonic
2-8 weeks; organogenesis(systems/organs form) and teratogens,
fetal
2-9 months; birth
genome
set of chromosomes (46)
genotype
1 individual’s unique set of chromosomes
phenotype
physical and behavioral expression of genotype
teratogens
anything that causes birth defects
- alcohol
- drugs
- bacteria/viruses
- radiation
fetal alcohol syndrome
babies exposed to alcohol in the womb are born with birth defects
sex-linked inheritance
involves genes on the x and y chromosomes
behavioral genetics
investigates the effects of heredity and environment on behavior (nature vs nurture)
attachment
bond between an infant and the primary caregiver
Harry Harlow
used robot monkey and cloth monkey to test and prove that monkeys need contact comfort more than nourishment
strange situation
study performed by Mary Ainsworth; baby left in a room with non-threatening stranger
cooing
2-3 months; vowel sounds
babbling
4-8 months; consonant and vowel combinations
holophrastic
one year; first words
authoritarian parenting style
strict, arbitrary rules, expect unquestioning obedience, value obedience to authority; leads to children being withdrawn, anxious and unhappy
authoritative parenting style
high but realistic expectations, autonomy with age, encourage open communication; leads to happier children, higher self esteem, self reliance, and responsibility
puberty
reproductive organs mature, assume adult body form
menopause
cessation of menstruation and ovulation
crystalized intelligence
accumulated knowledge
fluid intelligence
abstract reasoning, peaks in early 20s, declines slowly as people age
social motives
acquired through experiences and interactions
instincts
fixed behavior pattern specific to EVERY member of a species
I/O psychology
industrial/organizational; behavior in the workplace
mastery orientation
knowing you can improve at most things and master a few
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- physical: food, water, shelter, sleep
- safety: insurance, security
- belonging/love: family, friends, social life, s/o
- esteem/recognition: respect
- aesthetics: the need to have beautiful things
- self actualization: achieve what you’re capable of and give back
sexual orientation
sexual interest determined by genes and hormones in the womb
personality
tendency to behave, think and respond to most situations
self efficacy
your belief in your own ability to succeed
internal locus of control
sees self as primarily in control of behavior and consequences; associated with high self efficacy
external locus of control
perceive events as in the hands of fate, luck or chance; associated with low self efficacy
MMPI
used to screen for/diagnose psychiatric disorders
Rorschach Tests
projective test that reveals insight into your inner thoughts, feelings, fears and conflicts
imagery
the representation in the mind of a sensory experience; visual, auditory, gustatory, motor, olfactory, tactile
object permanence
the realization that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight
conservation
a given quantity or matter does not change despite being rearranged or transferred to a different container
private speech
talking to oneself for guidance and self-regulation of behavior
X chromosome
found in males and females
Y chromosome
found only in males
chromosomes
contain all genetic information necessary to make a human being
polygenic inheritance
many genes influence a trait
separation anxiety
fear shown by toddlers when parent leaves; 8-24 months, peaks between 12-18 months
stranger anxiety
fear of strangers; common in infants around 6-12 months
Elizabeth Kuler-Ross 5 Stages of Dying
- Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance
repression
traumatic memories are buried in the unconscious
projection
blaming your own unconscious impulses on something else or denying their existence
Carl Jung
personality consisted of 3 parts: ego, personal unconscious, collective unconscious
Alfred Adler
emphasized unity of personality rather than separate components; founded individual psychology
