Exam 2 (Ch. 4-6) Flashcards
Circadian Rythm
body clock; our sleep/wake cycle
Order of Sleep Cycles
- Awake
- Drowsy
- Sleep
- Deep Sleep
- REM
Awake
beta waves
Drowsy
alpha waves (slower, melatonin released)
Sleep
theta waves
Deep Sleep
delta waves (slowest)
REM
beta waves (dream state)
Insomnia
Can’t fall asleep and/or stay asleep
Sleep Deprivation
causes a difficulty concentrating, impaired learning, and a negative mood
Hypnosis
disassociative state; may cause mild amnesia, pain relief
Psychoactive Drugs
any substance that alters mood, perception, or thought
Stimulants
psychoactive drug that stimulates your CNS and PNS (e.g. caffeine, cocaine, nicotine)
Cocaine
stimulant; constricts blood vessels, raises blood pressure, increases heart rate, and quickens respiration
Depressants
decrease activity in the CNS (e.g. alcohol, tranquilizers)
Tolerance
body needs a higher effective dose
Hallucinogens
alter and distort perception (e.g. LSD, shrooms, DMT)
Altered State of Consciousness
changes in awareness produced by sleep, meditation, drugs, or hypnosis
Hallucination
an imaginary sensation
REM Sleep
rapid eye movements, paralysis, fast and irregular heart rate, increased brain wave activity, vivid dreams
Physical Drug Dependence
The body’s natural ability to protect itself creates a tolerance to the drug
Psychological Drug Dependence
an irresistible urge for the pleasurable effects of the drug
Physical Withdrawl
opposite of the drug’s pleasure effects
Psychological Withdrawl
attention and memory defficits
Nicotine
stimulant; increases alertness, highly addictive
Narcolepsy
incurable sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and uncontrollable episodes of REM sleep
Somnambulism
sleep walking; partial arousal during stage 4 of sleep (deep sleep, delta waves)
Sleep Apnea
periods during sleep when breathing stops; individual must awaken briefly to breathe
Learning
relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude
Classical Conditioning
associating one stimulus with another (Pavlov)
UCS
unconditioned stimulus; elicits UCR (e.g. food)
UCR
unconditioned response; reflex (e.g. salivation)
CS
conditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus (e.g. bell)
CR
conditioned response; reflex b/c of CS (e.g. salivation)
Spontaneous Recovery
reappearance of extinguished CR when organism is exposed to CS
Stimulus Generalization
responding to a similar stimulus to the original CS
Stimulus Discrimination
not responding to different stimuli than the original CS
Watson
“father of behaviorism”, Little Albert experiment in classical conditioning
Little Albert
9 m/o infant classically conditioned to fear mice.
- UCS: loud noise
- UCR: fear
- CS: white rat
- CR: fear
Operant Conditioning
Shaping voluntary behavior using rewards and punishments; Skinner
Skinner
operant conditioning; rat conditioned to press a bar for rewards
Reinforcement
reward used to shape behavior; used in Operant Conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
Pleasant consequence (e.g. more dessert)
Negative Reinforcement
Taking away something bad; aversive stimulus (e.g. eliminating a chore)
Primary Reinforcer
fulfills biological needs (e.g. food, water, shelter)
Secondary Reinforcer
acquired or learned through association with other enforcers (e.g money, recognition)
Observational Learning
learning by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior
Bandura
Bobo the clown experiment
extinction
operant conditioning; weakening or disappearing of CR with the removal of the reinforcement
shaping
operant conditioning; gradually molding a desired behavior by reinforcing every movement towards that behavior
punishment
removing a pleasurable stimulus or introducing an unpleasant stimulus
modeling effect
learning a new behavior through watching a model
cognitive psychology
studies mental processes such as memory, problem solving, reasoning, etc.
encoding
taking in information to be stored in memory
storage
keeping or maintaining information in memory
retrieval
recalling information that is stored in memory
sensory memory
stimulus at sensory receptor
short term memory
what you’re currently thinking or dealing with; capacity of 7+/-2
long term memory
relatively permanent, unlimited storage. split into procedural and declarative
chunking
grouping pieces of information to make it easier to remember (1,2,3,4, - 12, 34)
principle of relearning
each time you relearn something, you can recall it faster
rehearsal
repeating information to maintain it in the short term memory, and eventually store in long term memory
serial position effect
recall is better for items at the beginning or end of a sentence than in the middle of the sequence
Mnemonic Device
memory aid/strategy (e.g. acronym, rehearsal)
retroactive interference
new learning interferes with remembering previously stored information
tip of the tongue phenomenon
not remembering something you’re certain you know
hippocampus
mediates memory
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new long term memories
flashbulb memory
memories for shocking, emotion provoking events
working memory
short term memory acts as a workspace for carrying out mental activity
recall
retrieve information by searching memory
recognition
identifying something as being familiar
source
remembering where a memory came from
proactive interference
info already stored interferes with remembering new information
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory of events prior to loss of consciousness
misinformation effect
wrong recollection of witnessed events
distributed practice
practice is broken up into a number of short sessions over a long period of time
automoticity
a learned skill becoming second nature
