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PSY 102 3012 (Psych) > Exam 2 (Ch. 4-6) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Ch. 4-6) Flashcards

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1
Q

Circadian Rythm

A

body clock; our sleep/wake cycle

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2
Q

Order of Sleep Cycles

A
  1. Awake
  2. Drowsy
  3. Sleep
  4. Deep Sleep
  5. REM
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3
Q

Awake

A

beta waves

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4
Q

Drowsy

A

alpha waves (slower, melatonin released)

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5
Q

Sleep

A

theta waves

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6
Q

Deep Sleep

A

delta waves (slowest)

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7
Q

REM

A

beta waves (dream state)

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8
Q

Insomnia

A

Can’t fall asleep and/or stay asleep

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9
Q

Sleep Deprivation

A

causes a difficulty concentrating, impaired learning, and a negative mood

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10
Q

Hypnosis

A

disassociative state; may cause mild amnesia, pain relief

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11
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

any substance that alters mood, perception, or thought

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12
Q

Stimulants

A

psychoactive drug that stimulates your CNS and PNS (e.g. caffeine, cocaine, nicotine)

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13
Q

Cocaine

A

stimulant; constricts blood vessels, raises blood pressure, increases heart rate, and quickens respiration

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14
Q

Depressants

A

decrease activity in the CNS (e.g. alcohol, tranquilizers)

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15
Q

Tolerance

A

body needs a higher effective dose

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16
Q

Hallucinogens

A

alter and distort perception (e.g. LSD, shrooms, DMT)

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17
Q

Altered State of Consciousness

A

changes in awareness produced by sleep, meditation, drugs, or hypnosis

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18
Q

Hallucination

A

an imaginary sensation

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19
Q

REM Sleep

A

rapid eye movements, paralysis, fast and irregular heart rate, increased brain wave activity, vivid dreams

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20
Q

Physical Drug Dependence

A

The body’s natural ability to protect itself creates a tolerance to the drug

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21
Q

Psychological Drug Dependence

A

an irresistible urge for the pleasurable effects of the drug

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22
Q

Physical Withdrawl

A

opposite of the drug’s pleasure effects

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23
Q

Psychological Withdrawl

A

attention and memory defficits

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24
Q

Nicotine

A

stimulant; increases alertness, highly addictive

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25
Q

Narcolepsy

A

incurable sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and uncontrollable episodes of REM sleep

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26
Q

Somnambulism

A

sleep walking; partial arousal during stage 4 of sleep (deep sleep, delta waves)

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27
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

periods during sleep when breathing stops; individual must awaken briefly to breathe

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28
Q

Learning

A

relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude

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29
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

associating one stimulus with another (Pavlov)

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30
Q

UCS

A

unconditioned stimulus; elicits UCR (e.g. food)

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31
Q

UCR

A

unconditioned response; reflex (e.g. salivation)

32
Q

CS

A

conditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus (e.g. bell)

33
Q

CR

A

conditioned response; reflex b/c of CS (e.g. salivation)

34
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

reappearance of extinguished CR when organism is exposed to CS

35
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

responding to a similar stimulus to the original CS

36
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

not responding to different stimuli than the original CS

37
Q

Watson

A

“father of behaviorism”, Little Albert experiment in classical conditioning

38
Q

Little Albert

A

9 m/o infant classically conditioned to fear mice.

  • UCS: loud noise
  • UCR: fear
  • CS: white rat
  • CR: fear
39
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Shaping voluntary behavior using rewards and punishments; Skinner

40
Q

Skinner

A

operant conditioning; rat conditioned to press a bar for rewards

41
Q

Reinforcement

A

reward used to shape behavior; used in Operant Conditioning

42
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Pleasant consequence (e.g. more dessert)

43
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Taking away something bad; aversive stimulus (e.g. eliminating a chore)

44
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

fulfills biological needs (e.g. food, water, shelter)

45
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

acquired or learned through association with other enforcers (e.g money, recognition)

46
Q

Observational Learning

A

learning by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior

47
Q

Bandura

A

Bobo the clown experiment

48
Q

extinction

A

operant conditioning; weakening or disappearing of CR with the removal of the reinforcement

49
Q

shaping

A

operant conditioning; gradually molding a desired behavior by reinforcing every movement towards that behavior

50
Q

punishment

A

removing a pleasurable stimulus or introducing an unpleasant stimulus

51
Q

modeling effect

A

learning a new behavior through watching a model

52
Q

cognitive psychology

A

studies mental processes such as memory, problem solving, reasoning, etc.

53
Q

encoding

A

taking in information to be stored in memory

54
Q

storage

A

keeping or maintaining information in memory

55
Q

retrieval

A

recalling information that is stored in memory

56
Q

sensory memory

A

stimulus at sensory receptor

57
Q

short term memory

A

what you’re currently thinking or dealing with; capacity of 7+/-2

58
Q

long term memory

A

relatively permanent, unlimited storage. split into procedural and declarative

59
Q

chunking

A

grouping pieces of information to make it easier to remember (1,2,3,4, - 12, 34)

60
Q

principle of relearning

A

each time you relearn something, you can recall it faster

61
Q

rehearsal

A

repeating information to maintain it in the short term memory, and eventually store in long term memory

62
Q

serial position effect

A

recall is better for items at the beginning or end of a sentence than in the middle of the sequence

63
Q

Mnemonic Device

A

memory aid/strategy (e.g. acronym, rehearsal)

64
Q

retroactive interference

A

new learning interferes with remembering previously stored information

65
Q

tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

not remembering something you’re certain you know

66
Q

hippocampus

A

mediates memory

67
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new long term memories

68
Q

flashbulb memory

A

memories for shocking, emotion provoking events

69
Q

working memory

A

short term memory acts as a workspace for carrying out mental activity

70
Q

recall

A

retrieve information by searching memory

71
Q

recognition

A

identifying something as being familiar

72
Q

source

A

remembering where a memory came from

73
Q

proactive interference

A

info already stored interferes with remembering new information

74
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memory of events prior to loss of consciousness

75
Q

misinformation effect

A

wrong recollection of witnessed events

76
Q

distributed practice

A

practice is broken up into a number of short sessions over a long period of time

77
Q

automoticity

A

a learned skill becoming second nature

PSY 102 3012 (Psych) (3 decks)

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