Exam 3 (CH 5, Ch 6)

Question 1

**Briefly summarize the three aspects that make of Roger’s core view of the person.

Answer 1

1. The reality that we view is the private world of experience.
2. The individual constructs their inner world of experience
3. The inner experience reflects the outer world of reality and inner world of personal needs and goals.

Question 2

What is the phenomenal field?

Answer 2

The individual’s way of perceiving and experiencing his or her inner world.

Question 3

What’s the difference between your actual self and your ideal self?

Answer 3

Your actual self is who you actually are and how others perceive you, your ideal self is how you aspired to be and how you see yourself.

Question 4

**Describe the basic procedure of the Q-sort technique. Does it constitute a fixed or flexible measure?

Answer 4

It is a list of cards describing characteristics are placed and the individual has to sort from least like them to most.

It’s fixed in regard to everyone having the same cards. But it’s more flexible overall with the range of choice the person has of the cards placement.

Question 5

**Compare and contrast the significance of anxiety in Rogers’s theory versus Freud’s.

Answer 5

Freud believed that the defensive processes were centered on defense against recognition of the basic biological impulses of the id.

On the other hand, Rogers says that defense mechanisms are against a loss of a consistent integrated sense of self.

Question 6

What is self-consistency?

Answer 6

Rogers’s concepts express an absence of conflict and perceptions of the self.

Question 7

What is congruence?

Answer 7

Roger’s concept expresses an absence of conflict between the perceived self and conflict between experience, also one of the three conditions suggested as essential to growth and therapeutic process.

Question 8

What is incongruence?

Answer 8

Rogers concept of the existence of a discrepancy or conflict between perceived self and experience.

Question 9

**Identify and describe two defensive processes elaborated by Rogers. For a bonus point describe two potential examples of this from Gloria’s session with Rogers [posted video] [SAQ]

Answer 9

1. The first is distortion, which according to Rogers; a defensive process in which experience is change to be brought into awareness in a form consistent with one’s self.
2. Denial: threatening feelings are not allowed into awareness they are denied.

Distortion is when she balmes the guilt on her kids.

Denial is when she denies the negative implications that her sex life has on her kids

Question 10

**What does the need for positive regard refer to and how might it conflict with self-actualization? Illustrate with an example.

Answer 10

The need for positive regard is the psychological need to be accepted and respected by others that is to receive positive regard. However, people can lose touch with their own feelings and values in search of positive regard and see a detachment from their true selves. For example, people who are obsessed with being accepted, failed to regard their own experiences.

Question 11

**Briefly compare and contrast basic assumptions of Freud’s versus Rogers’s view of development.

Answer 11

Freud believed that growth and development stop at the early years of a person. However, Rogers thought that it continued to adult life and that people grow to self-actualization through life.

Question 12

**Describe three specific parental attitudes that are important in the formation of self-esteem.

Answer 12

1. Degree of acceptance, interest, and affection expressed by parents towards a child expressing worth.
2. Parent-child interaction involved permissiveness and punishment. Firmly enforced clear demand.
3. Parent-child relations are democratic rather than dictatorial. Democratic relationships are more high self-esteem.

Question 13

What are the conditions of worth?

Answer 13

Standards of evaluation that are not based on one’s own feelings, preferences, and inclinations but instead on others’ judgments about what constitutes desirable forms of action.

Question 14

What is phenomenology?

Answer 14

The study of human experience; in personality psychology, an approach to personality theory that focuses on how the person perceives and experiences the self and the world.

Question 15

What is self?

Answer 15

The perceptions and meaning associated with the self, me, or I.

Question 16

What is self-actualization?

Answer 16

The fundamental tendency of the organism to actualize, maintain, enhance itself, and fulfill its potential. A concept emphasized by Rogers and other members of the human potential movement.

Question 17

What is self-consistency?

Answer 17

Rogers’s concept expressing an absence of conflict among perceptions of the self.

Question 18

What is self-esteem?

Answer 18

The person’s overall evaluative regard for the self or personal judgment of worthiness.

Question 19

What is subception?

Answer 19

A process emphasized by Rogers in which a stimulus is experienced without being brought into awareness.

Question 20

**Describe 2 ad hoc and post hoc self-esteem strategies. How do they relate to what was described in the lecture as the costs of seeking self-esteem?

Answer 20

Ad Hoc (a piriori):
A) Avoid situations in which failure can occur
B) Lowering expectations (defensive pessimism)
C) Self Handy capping
D) Perfectionism

Question 21

** Part 2 Post hoc?

Answer 21

A) Dismissing the threat (exam was unfair)
B) Compensating (inflated positivity)
C) Abandon contingency (disengaging self-esteem from activities, quitting)
D)Distancin self from others
E) Downward comparison (focus on others’ shortcomings.

Question 22

** Describe (not simply list) what, in your view, are two benefits of this approach, and two limitations or shortcomings. Based of the self actualization quote.

Answer 22

Two benefits that view is that studies show that client-centered therapy does produce results that last for people. Another is that it’s good for most people to receive therapy.

The Limitations are that not everyone wants therapy and if people don’t want therapy there might not be as drastic of a difference, from lack of motivation.

Question 23

**Describe the contrast Rogers draws between the “healthy” versus “neurotic” person’s self-structure.

Answer 23

To rogers a healthy person is someone who can assimilate experiences in their self-structure rather than having defense mechanism kick in, a congruence between self and experience.

On the other hand, a neuritic person’s self-concept has become structured in ways that don’t fit the person. They deny awareness of significant sensory and emotion experiences. Distortion and denial.

Question 24

** What three features did Seligman and Peterson (2003) rely on as criteria for identifying “human strengths”. List 4 of 6 qualities that meet all 3 criteria.

Answer 24

The criteria
1. it should be enduring characteristic of the person that is beneficial in life
2. It should be something that both parents and larger societies want in children and that is celebrated with development.
3. Valued in all cultures of the world.

The qualities
Wisdom, Courage, love, justice, temperance, transcendence.

Question 25

What are the burden and build theory?

Answer 25

A theory in whih emotions have a specific effect on thought action. Positive thoughts broaden and actions tendencies.

Question 26

**What specific predictions does Terror Management Theory (TMT) make regarding mortality salience? How have these predictions been empirically examined? Describe three different outcomes observed in support of TMT.

Answer 26

TMT predicts that with mortality salience (death anxiety) leads to greater commitment to ones cultural beliefs and rejection of others. Also more affectionate towards people with shared beliefs.

They asked a series of death-related questions and showed gory car crashes and had death anxiety scales.

Proved
1. Greater fondness of the same group, rejecting other groups
2. greater anxiety about a negative attitude toward a flag or cultural object.
3. Greater physical aggression towards those who attack one’s political orientation

Question 27

**What two types of discrepancies are differentiated in Higgins’s self-discrepancy theory? What kinds of emotions are likely to these different types of self-discrepancy? What influences the degree of negative emotions experienced in response to self-discrepancies? [SAQ]

Answer 27

The two disrepancies are between the actual self and ideal self vs self and ought self.

Ideal self leads to sadness, depression and disappointment. Whereas Ought self leads to anxiety and fear.

It’s from the ideal self being stemmed from ambitions and operations, compared to the ought self which is from a sense of duty or responsibility.

Question 28

**Kelly is majoring in engineering but because she needed to fulfill an arts requirement, she signed up to take a first-year drama class with a friend whose dream it is to become a professional actor. When they received their grades at the end of the term, Kelly was thrilled to have passed the course even though she ended up with a far lower grade than she’s used to getting. Her friend, on the other hand, despite receiving a slightly higher grade than Kelly, felt like a total loser for days after. What recent concept in phenomenological approaches to personality might account for differences in reaction to the relatively similar feedback the two women received? Explain.

Answer 28

This related to the contingencies of self worth, Kelly is in the engineering program and most likely values her self worth on her academic perforence in those course compared to her friend who wants to be a professional actress. So even those her friend score higher, her friend is more tone up about it because she holds a high value of self worth towards that field compared to Kelly.

Question 29

**In what ways does the concept of “self-actualization” highlight the difficulty of studying personality scientifically?

Answer 29

Self actualization is something that is not testable, rogers never clearly defined it and was never bale to make it testable. This highlights the difficulty of personality psych because it is hard to get objective scientific testability through experiments.

Question 30

**Identify three strengths and three weaknesses of Rogers’s theory and phenomenology. Strengths

Answer 30

Strengths
1. Focuses on important aspects of human existence neglected by many other theories including self-concept and human potential for personal growth.
2. Provides concrete thereputic strategies that have proven useful in bringing about psychological change in therapy.
3. Bring scientific objectivity and rigor to difficult to study processes involving interpersonal relations and phenomena experience.

Question 31

**Identify three strengths and three weaknesses of Rogers’s theory and phenomenology. Weaknesses.

Answer 31

Weaknesses
1. Less comprehensive then other then other theories, little attention to biological bases of human nature
2. May excluded research/ clinical concern of phenomena outside conscious experience
3. Little attention to culture-culture/ situation-situation variation involving self, few tools to explain variation.

Question 32

What is flow?

Answer 32

Flow involves the individuals self of time fly and experience of floating along due to the enjoyment of something in the conciou experience.

Question 33

What is the self-experience discrepancy?

Answer 33

Rogers’s emphasis on the potential for conflict between the concept of self and experience—the basis for psychopathology.

Question 34

What is human potential movement?

Answer 34

A group of psychologists, represented by Rogers and Maslow, who emphasize the actualization or fulfillment of individual potential, including an openness to experience.

Question 35

What is essentialism?

Answer 35

An approach to understanding people and conducting therapy, associated with the human potential movement, that emphasizes phenomenology and concerns inherent in existing as a person. Derived from a more general movement in philosophy.

Question 36

What is Self-discrepancy theory?

Answer 36

In theoretical analyses of Higgins, incongruities between beliefs about one’s current psychological attributes (the actual self) and desired attributes that represent valued standards or guides.

Question 37

What is authenticity?

Answer 37

The extent to which the person behaves in accord with his or her self as opposed to behaving in terms of roles that foster false self-presentation.

Question 38

What are congentinsies of self-worth?

Answer 38

The positive and negative events on which one’s feelings of self-esteem depend.

Question 39

What is the self-determination theory?

Answer 39

Deci and Ryan’s theory that the basic human psychological needs are for competence, autonomy, and relatedness (CAR).

Question 40

**What are FIVE essential ingredients of CCT (as identified in lecture)?

Answer 40

1. Empathy
   - Active listening, sensitivity
2. Non-conditional prizing
   -spontaneous responses
   3.Congruencey/transparency
   -experienced self and authentic self
   -mutual expression of feelings
3. That one understands the other’s internal frame of reference needs to be communicated to the other.
4. Two people, each aware that the other’s presence can make a difference. - not in in alone – in it together – connection

Question 41

**What 4 existential givens are identified in the existentialist perspective?

Answer 41

1. Finitude

-Experience of contingency à death anxiety

2. Freedom to act in the world

-Experience of responsibility à guilt, condemnation

3. Choice

-Experience of autonomy à threat of meaninglessness

4. Separated-but-relatedness

-Ultimately face these ‘givens’ alone à isolation

Question 42

**How does Rogers describe each of the three ingredients of Client Centered Therapy. (first part of video)

Answer 42

1. Can he be real in the relationship, Guinness is important, known as congruence in communication transparency, seeing through him. Congruence/transparency
2. Praising and caring for the person, expressing feeling, it’s important to feel a real spontaneous rising of the person. Acceptance and caring. Non conditional Prizing
3. Understanding the inner world of the individual seeing the world through their eyes. Empathy

Question 43

**How does Rogers characterize ‘therapeutic movement’ (talked about at first part of video. Identify two aspects of therapeutic movement and describe moments in which Gloria evidences these in within the context of the video..

Answer 43

He states that if the sensitively of her inner world of the therapeutic movement in more likey to occur. Then many things can happen. If it’s done right she’ll express her attitudes and feelings more deeply. She’s more likely to see hidden feelings she wasn’t aware of.

Two of the pieces of evidencers is that Gloria seems very appreciative when he seems to deeply care about her situation. Also 2 she starts to feel more comfortable when talking to him because he is being transparent within his communication with her.

Question 44

**Generate an original example (i.e., separate from those identified in the lecture notes) of how Rogers’ manifests each of the 3 ingredients of effective therapy in his session with Gloria.

Answer 44

1. With transparency he is having a conversation with her and genuinely connecting with her through communication. He allows her to see through him.
2. When she talks about her sex life and the guilt, he gives her an instant and caring response about how she feels, he accepts her with care.
3. When she talks about her sex life and the guilt she feels and when she blames the guilt of her kids. He empathizes with her and sees the situation through her own eyes.