Exam 2 (CH 3, CH 4)

Question 1

**What is catharsis, and, from Freud’s perspective, what two implications does it have for understanding the human mind?

Answer 1

Catharsis refers to the release of freeing emotions by talking about one’s problems. Getting trauma off one’s chest.
1. It further confirms frueds views of the mind as an energy system.
2. It concerns that people have ideas as unconscious that people are unaware of whats in their own minds.

Question 2

What are the levels of awareness from Freud?

Answer 2

1. Conscious: Thoughts in which we are aware at any moment
   Preconscious: Thoughts that can become easily aware of from picking it up
   Unconcious: Mostly traumatic anxiety provoking and unknown to the person.

Question 3

**In what two ways do motivational principles come into play in Freud’s theory of the unconscious?

Answer 3

1. Mental contents enter the unconscious for motivated reasons, the brain hides things that are traumatic that would be painful.
2. Thoughts in the unconscious influence ongoing conscious experience, our conscious thoughts are things that we are not aware of.

Question 4

**What three aspects of the psychoanalytic unconscious contrast with the contemporary notion of the cognitive unconscious?

Answer 4

A) His model was based on the energy of the mind
B) Claimed that two specific instinctual forces (sexual and aggressive) droive the processes.
C) Claimed that psychological contents become unconscious specifically defense mechanisms that protect use from self awareness.

By contrast cognitive is much simpler, conscious awareness is logical and rational and just can occur outside of consciousness.
They say hat the consciousnous is mslall therefore is can’t cover all stimuli

Question 5

**What are three ways in which drive-related energy is managed by the psyche? Provide an example of each.

Answer 5

1. They can be blocked from expression.
2. Expressed in a modified way. Ex sarcasm
3. Expressed without modificaion

Question 6

**What evidence is provided to support the social-cognitive view of projection?

Answer 6

Newman et al did a study on projection by giving bogus negative feedback on two personality attributes. Then they would talk about one while suppressing the other and then had to do a personality check of an anxious person in a video and usually projected their suppressed characteristic.

Question 7

**Briefly define role confusion(diffusion) gie two examples of ways in which it becomes apparent.

Answer 7

People with role diffusion end up being confused to who they really are, or not knowing if what they think of themselves matches what others think. For example college years, joining a club not knowing what to do in life. Another example later in life thinking lif is too short and too late to start over.

Question 8

What is free association?

Answer 8

In psychoanalysis, the patient’s reporting to the analyst of every thought that comes to mind.

Question 9

What is the energy system?

Answer 9

Freud’s view of personality as involving the interplay among various forces (e.g., drives, instincts) or sources of energy.

Question 10

What is catharsis?

Answer 10

The release and freeing of emotion through talking about one’s problems.

Question 11

What is libido?

Answer 11

The psychoanalytic term for the energy associated first with the sexual instincts and later with the life instincts.

Question 12

What is perceptual defense?

Answer 12

The process by which an individual defends (unconsciously) against awareness of a threatening stimulus.

Question 13

What is the pleasure principle?

Answer 13

According to Freud, psychological functioning based on the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.

Question 14

What is the reality principle?

Answer 14

According to Freud, psychological functioning based on reality in which pleasure is delayed until an optimum time.

Question 15

What is life instinct?

Answer 15

Freud’s concept for drives or sources of energy (libido) directed toward the preservation of life and sexual gratification.

Question 16

What is death instinct?

Answer 16

Freud’s concept for drives or sources of energy directed toward death or a return to an inorganic state.

Question 17

What is anxiety?

Answer 17

In psychoanalytic theory, a painful emotional experience that signals or alerts the ego to danger.

Question 18

What are defense mechanisms?

Answer 18

Freud’s concept for those mental strategies used by the person to reduce anxiety. They function to exclude from awareness some thought, wish, or feeling.

Question 19

What is denial?

Answer 19

A defense mechanism, emphasized by both Freud and Rogers, in which threatening feelings are not allowed into awareness.

Question 20

What is projection?

Answer 20

The defense mechanism in which one attributes to (projects onto) others one’s own expressions of the unconscious.

Question 21

What is isolation?

Answer 21

The defense mechanism in which emotion is isolated from the content of a painful impulse or memory.

Question 22

What is reaction formation?

Answer 22

The defense mechanism in which the opposite of an unacceptable impulse is expressed.

Question 23

What is sublimiation?

Answer 23

The defense mechanism in which the original expression of the instinct is replaced by a higher cultural goal.

Question 24

What is undoing?

Answer 24

The defense mechanism in which one magically undoes an act or wish associated with anxiety.

Question 25

What is rationalisation?

Answer 25

The defense mechanism in which an acceptable reason is given for an unacceptable motive or act.

Question 26

What is repression?

Answer 26

The primary defense mechanism in which a thought, idea, or wish is dismissed from consciousness.

Question 27

What is primary process thinking?

Answer 27

In psychoanalytic theory, a form of thinking that is governed not by logic or reality testing and that is seen in dreams and other expressions of the unconscious.

Question 28

What is secondary process thinking?

Answer 28

In psychoanalytic theory, a form of thinking that is governed by reality and associated with the development of the ego.

Question 29

What are Freud’s three key ideas?

Answer 29

1. Not everything mental is conscious, thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by material outside conscious awareness.
2. Unconcious dynamics, psychic like is characterized by conflicts between multiple and competing drives and impulses of what we are unaware.
3. Much of theconflict revolves around the basic sexual and aggressive drives.

Question 30

**Describe: (a) defining feature and (b) the key assumption of projective tests?

Answer 30

The defining feature is that tests are made ambiguous and forces the user to interpret the items.

A key assumption is that individual’s interpretation of test items is indicative of how the person interprets ambiguous circumstances in his/her life.

Question 31

**According to Freud, successful resolution of the phallic stage of psychosexual development leads to what (in Freud’s mind) appropriate gender identity. What forum does fixation at this particular stage of development take for male versus female children?

Answer 31

In te phallic stage men are successful by being “I am man” and being big and denying any chance of castration, they are in control.

In contrast for a woman, they have a Hysterical Personality, the little girl identifies with her mother and femininity and attempts to seduce and flit with her father to keep interest and later does that to men in an innocent way.

Question 32

** * What does the process of therapeutic change broadly involve? What more specifically is involved in the case of each of the following? [SAQ]
a. Fixation in an early stage of development
b. Conflict and defense mechanisms
c. Being tyrannized by the Id

Answer 32

A) Then the psychanalysis individuals become free to resume their normal psychological development.

B) Then psychoanalysis involves reducing conflict and freeing the patient from the individual of defense processes

C) psychoanalysis involves making conscious whats unconscious nad putting under control of the ego when it was formerly dominated by the ID and Superego.

Question 33

**What does Jung view as the fundamental task faced by all individuals? What role does the “self” (as Jung defines it) play in this task?

Answer 33

All people “find unity in one’s elf” the task is to bring harmony to the various opposing forces.

The self is the unconscious force, and aspect of ones collective unconscious “organising centre”

We have to look at the ‘self’ across diverse human cultures, to motive grow in self-knowledge.

Question 34

**Briefly summarize Karen Horney’s (pronounced horn-eye) three mal-adaptive ways people cope with what she terms “basic anxiety”. What do all three have in common?

Answer 34

Moving toward: a person attempts to deal with anxiety by excessive interest in being accepted, needed and approved of. Can become dependant.

Moving against: a person assumes that everyone is hostile and life is a struggle against all, appearing tough.

Moving away: the person shrinks away from others in a neurtic fashion not getting emotionally attached to anyone.

They are all similar because they all involve conflict in terms of dealing with anxiety.

Question 35

**Describe 3 strengths and 3 limitations of Psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 35

Strengths:
1. Provides the discovery and investigation of many interesting phenomena
2. Developes techniques for research and therapy(free association, dream interpretation)
3) Recognises the complexity of human behavior.

Weaknesses
1. Fails to define all concepts clearly and distinctly.
2. Makes empirical testing difficult at times impossible
3. Endorses the questionable view of a person as an energy system.

Question 36

What is manifest content?

Answer 36

The narrative of a dream as consciously remembered.

Question 37

What is latent content?

Answer 37

The residue of memories of the proceeding day other memories, goes from dream to dream ass well.

Question 38

What is dream interpretation?

Answer 38

Proceeds free association from dream image of underlying content.

Question 39

What is condensation?

Answer 39

An array of memories have a smaller effect or motivation, tore are combined in a single dream image. You have the same feeling of and image or person in dreams.

Question 40

What is Domhoff’s repetition continuum theory?

Answer 40

From highest to lowest
Trauma Dreams
Recurrent dreams
Recurrent themes
Recurrent elements

Question 41

Using the table in the book, what are the three differences between the cognitive and psychoanalytic theory of the unconscious?

Answer 41

Psychoanalytic:
1. Emphasis on illogical, irrational unconscious processes.
2. Content emphasizes on motives and wishes.
3. Emphasis on motivated aspects of unconscious functioning.

Cognitive:
1. absence of fundamental difference between conscious and unconscious processes.
2. Content emphasis on thoughts
3. Focus on nonmotivated aspects of unconscious functioning.