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BCS 110 > Exam 3: Basic Motivations > Flashcards

Exam 3: Basic Motivations Flashcards

1
Q

EEG

A

Reveals gross electrical activity of the brain, “brainwaves”

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2
Q

EOG

A

Records eye movements seen during REM sleep

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3
Q

EMG

A

Detects loss of activity in neck muscles during some sleep stages

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4
Q

4 Stages of Sleep

A
  1. Theta waves
  2. Spindles and K complexes
  3. Occasional delta waves (large and slow, 1-2 Hz)
  4. Predominantly delta waves
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5
Q

Awake characteristics

A

Asynchronous, low-voltage, high frequency (fast) waves

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6
Q

Pre-sleep characteristics

A

Intermittent alpha waves, bursts of low frequency (8-12 Hz) waves

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7
Q

Sleep characteristics

A

Synchronous, voltage increases and frequency decreases slows through stages 1-4

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8
Q

When are you paralyzed in your sleep?

A

During REM

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9
Q

When would a person sleepwalk?

A

During deep sleep

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10
Q

Recuperation

A

Sleep is needed to restore homeostatic balance lost during the day

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11
Q

Adaptation

A

Sleep is the result of an internal timing mechanism, evolved to conserve energy and to protect us from the dangers of the night

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12
Q

Zeitgebers

A

Environmental cues that entrain circadian cycles (ex: sun)

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13
Q

What direction are zeitgebers accelerated?

A

Flying east, trouble

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14
Q

What direction are zeitgebers decelerated?

A

Flying west, easy

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15
Q

What is the sleep-wake circadian clock?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in hypothalamus

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16
Q

4 Sleep-Wake areas

A
  1. Anterior hypothalamus (VLPO)-sleep
  2. Posterior hypothalamus-wakeful
  3. Rostral reticular formation-wakeful
  4. Caudal reticular REM nuclei-sleep
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17
Q

Homeostatic process

A

Sleep need, magnitude depends on amount of prior sleep and wakefulness

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18
Q

Circadian process

A

Sleep urge, governed by SCN clock

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19
Q

Hypnotic drugs

A

Enhance effect of GABA, increase sleep time, complications: tolerance, addiction, cessation=insomnia

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20
Q

Anti-hypnotic drugs

A

Increase activity of catecholamines, decrease sleep time, complications: lost appetite, addiction

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21
Q

Chronobiotic drugs

A

Alter circadian rhythm, knock out SCN, increase levels of melatonin

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22
Q

Insomnia

A

Latrogenic (pills), sleep apnea (obstructive, central), limb movement before or during sleep

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23
Q

Hypersomnia

A

Narcolepsy, cataplexy (loss of muscle tone), hypnagogic hallucinations

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24
Q

Set point

A

Point at which a variable physiological state (homeostasis) tends to stabilize, narrow range, same for everyone

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25
Q

Allostasis

A

Body’s set points can change from time to time

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26
Q

Negative feedbacks

A

Processes that reduce differences from set points

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27
Q

Dorsal parvocellular cells (PVN)

A

Project to medulla and spinal cord, controls parasympathetic system

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28
Q

Ventral parvocellular cells (PVN)

A

Project to medulla and spinal cord, controls sympathetic system

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29
Q

Medial parvocellular cells (PVN)

A

Releases hormones that affect release of other hormones from anterior pituitary

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30
Q

Magnocellular cells (PVN)

A

Release directly hormones from posterior pituitary

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31
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Synthesizes and secretes hormones in response to hormones released by hypothalamus (medial parvo)-indirect

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32
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Develops as an extension of hypothalamus, stores and secretes (but does not synthesize), magnocellular-direct

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33
Q

Ectoderms

A

Amphibians, reptiles, fish, cold-blooded, body temp matches environment

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34
Q

Endoderms

A

Mammals and birds, warm-blooded

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35
Q

Do you want more or less thyroxin when you are hot?

A

Less

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36
Q

Behavioral mechanisms for regulation of body temp

A

-Find cool or hot place
-Become more or less active
-Sleek/fluff fur-less/more clothes
-Stand alone/together
Controlled by LHA

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37
Q

Physiological mechanisms for regulation of body temp

A

-Sweat (pant of lick)/shiver
-Increase/decrease blood flow to skin
Controlled by PVN

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38
Q

Advantages of increased body temperature (2)

A
  1. Mobile all year long

2. Protection from fungal infections

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39
Q

What do physiological changes that maintain our body temp depend on?

A

Preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus

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40
Q

Osmotic thirst

A

Caused by eating salty foods, increases concentration of solutes in extracellular space

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41
Q

Hypovolemic thirst

A

Caused by losing fluid volume, such as bleeding or vomiting

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42
Q

Osmotic thirst receptors (2)

A
  1. OVLT- rostral to hypo
  2. SFO- superior to thalamus
    Both detect their own water loss
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43
Q

What does the preoptic area do?

A

Generates the desire to drink

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44
Q

What do the supraoptic and paraventricular neurons do?

A

Conserve water

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45
Q

What is water conservation controlled by?

A

Release of ADH from posterior pituitary, it enables kidneys to reabsorb water and excrete concentrated urine

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46
Q

What is blood volume (BP) controlled by?

A

Baroreceptors, found in walls of arteries, veins, and heart, mechanoreceptor that is excited by stretch and inhibited by relaxation of blood vessel

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47
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Causes suppression of baroreceptor activity, stimulates vasomotor center to activate nuclei in hypo to generate desire to drink and conserve water (release of ADH)

48
Q

Renin

A

Released by kidneys, leads to synthesis of angiotensin II (produces cravings for sodium tastes), causes constriction of blood vessels to increase blood pressure

49
Q

How should hypovolemic thirst be quenched?

A

With a salty drink (not pure water)

50
Q

Ghrelin

A

Hormone for hunger, in stomach

51
Q

CCK

A

Hormone relating to satiety, in intestines, closes exit of stomach

52
Q

Arcuate nucleus (AR)

A

“Master area” for control of appetite, regulates amount of sex hormones

53
Q

What do hunger sensitive neurons in AR do?

A

Inhibit cells in PVN and turn off PVN inhibition of LH that promotes appetite

54
Q

What do satiety sensitive cells in AR do?

A

Excite PVN cells that turn off LN cells thus ending meals

55
Q

Organizational effect of hormones

A

Body development

56
Q

Activation effect of hormones

A

Triggering reproduction-relating behaviors in mature adults

57
Q

Primary organs that release sex hormones

A

Gonads: male-testes, female-ovaries; (adrenal glands also release small amounts of sex hormones)

58
Q

3 kinds of steroid hormones

A
  1. Androgens
  2. Estrogens
  3. Progestins
59
Q

Anterior pituitary sex hormone releasing strategy

A

Released from hypothalamic neurons into hypothalamopituitary portal system

60
Q

Posterior pituitary sex hormones

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin synthesized in PVN and supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus

61
Q

Gonadotropins

A

Released by anterior pituitary, called FSH and LH,

PERIVENTRICULAR (different from PVN)

62
Q

Regulation of sex hormone levels (2)

A
  1. Nervous system signals

2. Circulating hormones

63
Q

Kisspeptin

A

From AR tells periventricular nucleus to release sex hormones

64
Q

Primordial glands

A

Pair of gonadal structures that all fetuses have, regardless of genetic sex

65
Q

Cortex has potential to be….

A

an ovary

66
Q

Medulla has potential to be…

A

a testis

67
Q

Sry protein

A

7th week after conception, Sry gene on Y chromosome, causes medulla to grow into a testis

68
Q

No Sry protein

A

Cortex develops into ovary

69
Q

Reproductive ducts (2)

A
  1. Wolffian system: male, seminal vesicles, vas deferens

2. Müllerian system: female; uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes

70
Q

When does differentiation of ducts begin?

A

Third prenatal month

71
Q

Bipotential precursor parts (4)

A
  1. Glans
  2. Urethral folds
  3. Lateral bodies
  4. Labioscrotal swellings
72
Q

When does differentiation of external genitalia occur?

A

Second month of fetal development

73
Q

Puberty

A

Increase in release of hormones (growth and sex tropic) by anterior pituitary

74
Q

Infertility genotypes (2)

A

XO and XXY

75
Q

Where are differences in the brain found between males and females?

A

Hypothalamus and amygdala

76
Q

4 areas for brain mechanisms of sexual behavior

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Ventral striatum
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Amygdala
77
Q

Sexual orientation

A

Enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction to persons of same or opposite gender (or both)

78
Q

Sexual identity

A

Sex, male or female (or combo), a person believes themselves to be

79
Q

Theories of how we evolved ability to learn language (2)

A
  1. By-product of overall intelligence

2. Specialized brain modules

80
Q

Problems with overall intelligence theory

A
  • Normal intelligence, but genetic condition impairs language
  • Williams syndrome: cognitive impairment but good language
81
Q

Specialized Brain Module Theory

A

Built in mechanisms for language acquisition

82
Q

7 main areas of cortex for language

A
  1. Primary visual cortex
  2. Primary auditory cortex
  3. Angular gyrus
  4. Wernicke’s area
  5. Arcuate fasciculus
  6. Broca’s area
  7. Primary motor cortex
83
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

AKA nonfluent, expressive, and production aphasia, normal comprehension but slow and labored speech and writing difficulties

84
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

AKA fluent, receptive, comprehension aphasia, poor comprehension, articulate speech but meaningless and writing difficulties

85
Q

Dejerine

A

Reading aphasia, damage to left angular gyrus, damage in pathway from visual cortex to angular gyrus

86
Q

Alexia

A

Inability to read

87
Q

Agraphia

A

Inability to write

88
Q

Conductive Aphasia

A

Selective damage to arcuate fasciculus, error awareness with attempts to correct them, poor repetition of unfamiliar words

89
Q

Anterior lesions cause…

A

Expressive aphasia

90
Q

Posterior lesions cause…

A

Receptive aphasia

91
Q

Damage to frontal cortex for sign language

A

Impair making of gestures

92
Q

Damage to temporal cortex for sign language

A

Impair understanding of gestures

93
Q

What parts of the brains grow stronger when shifting languages?

A

Frontal cortex, temporal cortex, and basal ganglia (caudate)

94
Q

2 types of dyslexia

A
  1. Developmental

2. Aquired

95
Q

Magnosystem hypothesis

A

For dyslexia, processing in dorsal stream of visual system is impaired resulting in decreased activation of angular gyrus

96
Q

Declarative Memory

A

Explicit, knowing what, broken up into: semantic and episodic

97
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Implicit, knowing how, motor skills and conditioning

98
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Memory loss for events before the trauma

99
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to form new memories after the trauma

100
Q

What are medial temporal lobes involved in?

A

Explicit memory

101
Q

Damage to anterior pole of medial temporal lobe

A

Deficit in semantic memory

102
Q

Damage to caudal medial temporal lobe

A

Difficulties with episodic memory

103
Q

3 major structures of caudal medial temporal lobe

A
  1. Rhinal cortex
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Amygdala
104
Q

What does the hippocampus play a role in?

A

Memory for spatial navigation

105
Q

Papez circuit

A

Part of limbic system, begins and ends with hippocampus

106
Q

Brain structures involved in skill learning (2)

A
  1. Basal ganglia- patterns

2. Cerebellum- how to do things

107
Q

Where is short-term memory stored?

A

Locations in the telecephalon, including the prefrontal cortex

108
Q

Where is spatial memory stored?

A

DLPFC

109
Q

Where are object identifiers stored?

A

VLPFC

110
Q

What part of memory is degraded first from Alzheimer’s?

A

Episodic, followed by ST and semantic, then procedural

111
Q

Contributing factor to memory loss in AD

A

Depletion of Ach in brain due to degeneration of basal forebrain

112
Q

Cell assembly

A

Internal representation of an object consists of all of the cortical cells activated by the external stimulus

113
Q

Basis of LTM according to Hebb

A

Changes in synaptic efficiency

114
Q

LTP

A

Elicited by high frequency electrical stimulation of presynaptic neuron

115
Q

3 part process for LTP

A
  1. Induction (learning)
  2. Maintenance (memory)
  3. Expression (recall)
116
Q

Induction of LTP

A

NMDA receptors do not respond maximally unless glutamate binds and neuron is already partially depolarized, Ca+2 entry triggers events that lead to LTP

117
Q

Maintenance and Expression of LTP

A

Occurs at specific synapses on a postsynaptic neuron, maintenance involves structural changes

BCS 110 (4 decks)

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