Exam 3: Basic Motivations Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
EEG
A
Reveals gross electrical activity of the brain, “brainwaves”
2
Q
EOG
A
Records eye movements seen during REM sleep
3
Q
EMG
A
Detects loss of activity in neck muscles during some sleep stages
4
Q
4 Stages of Sleep
A
- Theta waves
- Spindles and K complexes
- Occasional delta waves (large and slow, 1-2 Hz)
- Predominantly delta waves
5
Q
Awake characteristics
A
Asynchronous, low-voltage, high frequency (fast) waves
6
Q
Pre-sleep characteristics
A
Intermittent alpha waves, bursts of low frequency (8-12 Hz) waves
7
Q
Sleep characteristics
A
Synchronous, voltage increases and frequency decreases slows through stages 1-4
8
Q
When are you paralyzed in your sleep?
A
During REM
9
Q
When would a person sleepwalk?
A
During deep sleep
10
Q
Recuperation
A
Sleep is needed to restore homeostatic balance lost during the day
11
Q
Adaptation
A
Sleep is the result of an internal timing mechanism, evolved to conserve energy and to protect us from the dangers of the night
12
Q
Zeitgebers
A
Environmental cues that entrain circadian cycles (ex: sun)
13
Q
What direction are zeitgebers accelerated?
A
Flying east, trouble
14
Q
What direction are zeitgebers decelerated?
A
Flying west, easy
15
Q
What is the sleep-wake circadian clock?
A
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in hypothalamus
16
Q
4 Sleep-Wake areas
A
- Anterior hypothalamus (VLPO)-sleep
- Posterior hypothalamus-wakeful
- Rostral reticular formation-wakeful
- Caudal reticular REM nuclei-sleep
17
Q
Homeostatic process
A
Sleep need, magnitude depends on amount of prior sleep and wakefulness
18
Q
Circadian process
A
Sleep urge, governed by SCN clock
19
Q
Hypnotic drugs
A
Enhance effect of GABA, increase sleep time, complications: tolerance, addiction, cessation=insomnia
20
Q
Anti-hypnotic drugs
A
Increase activity of catecholamines, decrease sleep time, complications: lost appetite, addiction
21
Q
Chronobiotic drugs
A
Alter circadian rhythm, knock out SCN, increase levels of melatonin
22
Q
Insomnia
A
Latrogenic (pills), sleep apnea (obstructive, central), limb movement before or during sleep
23
Q
Hypersomnia
A
Narcolepsy, cataplexy (loss of muscle tone), hypnagogic hallucinations
24
Q
Set point
A
Point at which a variable physiological state (homeostasis) tends to stabilize, narrow range, same for everyone
25
Allostasis
Body's set points can change from time to time
26
Negative feedbacks
Processes that reduce differences from set points
27
Dorsal parvocellular cells (PVN)
Project to medulla and spinal cord, controls parasympathetic system
28
Ventral parvocellular cells (PVN)
Project to medulla and spinal cord, controls sympathetic system
29
Medial parvocellular cells (PVN)
Releases hormones that affect release of other hormones from anterior pituitary
30
Magnocellular cells (PVN)
Release directly hormones from posterior pituitary
31
Anterior pituitary
Synthesizes and secretes hormones in response to hormones released by hypothalamus (medial parvo)-indirect
32
Posterior pituitary
Develops as an extension of hypothalamus, stores and secretes (but does not synthesize), magnocellular-direct
33
Ectoderms
Amphibians, reptiles, fish, cold-blooded, body temp matches environment
34
Endoderms
Mammals and birds, warm-blooded
35
Do you want more or less thyroxin when you are hot?
Less
36
Behavioral mechanisms for regulation of body temp
-Find cool or hot place
-Become more or less active
-Sleek/fluff fur-less/more clothes
-Stand alone/together
Controlled by LHA
37
Physiological mechanisms for regulation of body temp
-Sweat (pant of lick)/shiver
-Increase/decrease blood flow to skin
Controlled by PVN
38
Advantages of increased body temperature (2)
1. Mobile all year long
| 2. Protection from fungal infections
39
What do physiological changes that maintain our body temp depend on?
Preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus
40
Osmotic thirst
Caused by eating salty foods, increases concentration of solutes in extracellular space
41
Hypovolemic thirst
Caused by losing fluid volume, such as bleeding or vomiting
42
Osmotic thirst receptors (2)
1. OVLT- rostral to hypo
2. SFO- superior to thalamus
Both detect their own water loss
43
What does the preoptic area do?
Generates the desire to drink
44
What do the supraoptic and paraventricular neurons do?
Conserve water
45
What is water conservation controlled by?
Release of ADH from posterior pituitary, it enables kidneys to reabsorb water and excrete concentrated urine
46
What is blood volume (BP) controlled by?
Baroreceptors, found in walls of arteries, veins, and heart, mechanoreceptor that is excited by stretch and inhibited by relaxation of blood vessel
47
Hypovolemia
Causes suppression of baroreceptor activity, stimulates vasomotor center to activate nuclei in hypo to generate desire to drink and conserve water (release of ADH)
48
Renin
Released by kidneys, leads to synthesis of angiotensin II (produces cravings for sodium tastes), causes constriction of blood vessels to increase blood pressure
49
How should hypovolemic thirst be quenched?
With a salty drink (not pure water)
50
Ghrelin
Hormone for hunger, in stomach
51
CCK
Hormone relating to satiety, in intestines, closes exit of stomach
52
Arcuate nucleus (AR)
"Master area" for control of appetite, regulates amount of sex hormones
53
What do hunger sensitive neurons in AR do?
Inhibit cells in PVN and turn off PVN inhibition of LH that promotes appetite
54
What do satiety sensitive cells in AR do?
Excite PVN cells that turn off LN cells thus ending meals
55
Organizational effect of hormones
Body development
56
Activation effect of hormones
Triggering reproduction-relating behaviors in mature adults
57
Primary organs that release sex hormones
Gonads: male-testes, female-ovaries; (adrenal glands also release small amounts of sex hormones)
58
3 kinds of steroid hormones
1. Androgens
2. Estrogens
3. Progestins
59
Anterior pituitary sex hormone releasing strategy
Released from hypothalamic neurons into hypothalamopituitary portal system
60
Posterior pituitary sex hormones
Oxytocin and vasopressin synthesized in PVN and supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus
61
Gonadotropins
Released by anterior pituitary, called FSH and LH,
| PERIVENTRICULAR (different from PVN)
62
Regulation of sex hormone levels (2)
1. Nervous system signals
| 2. Circulating hormones
63
Kisspeptin
From AR tells periventricular nucleus to release sex hormones
64
Primordial glands
Pair of gonadal structures that all fetuses have, regardless of genetic sex
65
Cortex has potential to be....
an ovary
66
Medulla has potential to be...
a testis
67
Sry protein
7th week after conception, Sry gene on Y chromosome, causes medulla to grow into a testis
68
No Sry protein
Cortex develops into ovary
69
Reproductive ducts (2)
1. Wolffian system: male, seminal vesicles, vas deferens
| 2. Müllerian system: female; uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes
70
When does differentiation of ducts begin?
Third prenatal month
71
Bipotential precursor parts (4)
1. Glans
2. Urethral folds
3. Lateral bodies
4. Labioscrotal swellings
72
When does differentiation of external genitalia occur?
Second month of fetal development
73
Puberty
Increase in release of hormones (growth and sex tropic) by anterior pituitary
74
Infertility genotypes (2)
XO and XXY
75
Where are differences in the brain found between males and females?
Hypothalamus and amygdala
76
4 areas for brain mechanisms of sexual behavior
1. Cortex
2. Ventral striatum
3. Hypothalamus
4. Amygdala
77
Sexual orientation
Enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction to persons of same or opposite gender (or both)
78
Sexual identity
Sex, male or female (or combo), a person believes themselves to be
79
Theories of how we evolved ability to learn language (2)
1. By-product of overall intelligence
| 2. Specialized brain modules
80
Problems with overall intelligence theory
- Normal intelligence, but genetic condition impairs language
- Williams syndrome: cognitive impairment but good language
81
Specialized Brain Module Theory
Built in mechanisms for language acquisition
82
7 main areas of cortex for language
1. Primary visual cortex
2. Primary auditory cortex
3. Angular gyrus
4. Wernicke's area
5. Arcuate fasciculus
6. Broca's area
7. Primary motor cortex
83
Broca's Aphasia
AKA nonfluent, expressive, and production aphasia, normal comprehension but slow and labored speech and writing difficulties
84
Wernicke's Aphasia
AKA fluent, receptive, comprehension aphasia, poor comprehension, articulate speech but meaningless and writing difficulties
85
Dejerine
Reading aphasia, damage to left angular gyrus, damage in pathway from visual cortex to angular gyrus
86
Alexia
Inability to read
87
Agraphia
Inability to write
88
Conductive Aphasia
Selective damage to arcuate fasciculus, error awareness with attempts to correct them, poor repetition of unfamiliar words
89
Anterior lesions cause...
Expressive aphasia
90
Posterior lesions cause...
Receptive aphasia
91
Damage to frontal cortex for sign language
Impair making of gestures
92
Damage to temporal cortex for sign language
Impair understanding of gestures
93
What parts of the brains grow stronger when shifting languages?
Frontal cortex, temporal cortex, and basal ganglia (caudate)
94
2 types of dyslexia
1. Developmental
| 2. Aquired
95
Magnosystem hypothesis
For dyslexia, processing in dorsal stream of visual system is impaired resulting in decreased activation of angular gyrus
96
Declarative Memory
Explicit, knowing what, broken up into: semantic and episodic
97
Procedural Memory
Implicit, knowing how, motor skills and conditioning
98
Retrograde amnesia
Memory loss for events before the trauma
99
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to form new memories after the trauma
100
What are medial temporal lobes involved in?
Explicit memory
101
Damage to anterior pole of medial temporal lobe
Deficit in semantic memory
102
Damage to caudal medial temporal lobe
Difficulties with episodic memory
103
3 major structures of caudal medial temporal lobe
1. Rhinal cortex
2. Hippocampus
3. Amygdala
104
What does the hippocampus play a role in?
Memory for spatial navigation
105
Papez circuit
Part of limbic system, begins and ends with hippocampus
106
Brain structures involved in skill learning (2)
1. Basal ganglia- patterns
| 2. Cerebellum- how to do things
107
Where is short-term memory stored?
Locations in the telecephalon, including the prefrontal cortex
108
Where is spatial memory stored?
DLPFC
109
Where are object identifiers stored?
VLPFC
110
What part of memory is degraded first from Alzheimer's?
Episodic, followed by ST and semantic, then procedural
111
Contributing factor to memory loss in AD
Depletion of Ach in brain due to degeneration of basal forebrain
112
Cell assembly
Internal representation of an object consists of all of the cortical cells activated by the external stimulus
113
Basis of LTM according to Hebb
Changes in synaptic efficiency
114
LTP
Elicited by high frequency electrical stimulation of presynaptic neuron
115
3 part process for LTP
1. Induction (learning)
2. Maintenance (memory)
3. Expression (recall)
116
Induction of LTP
NMDA receptors do not respond maximally unless glutamate binds and neuron is already partially depolarized, Ca+2 entry triggers events that lead to LTP
117
Maintenance and Expression of LTP
Occurs at specific synapses on a postsynaptic neuron, maintenance involves structural changes
