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BCS 110 > Exam 1: Foundations of Biopsychology > Flashcards

Exam 1: Foundations of Biopsychology Flashcards

1
Q

Biopsychology

A

Study of biology of behavior (psychology)

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2
Q

Behavior is product of 3 interactions

A
  1. Genetic endowment
  2. Experience
  3. Perception of current situation
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3
Q

2 dimensions among research approaches

A
  1. Subjects (human vs nonhuman)

2. Design (experiments vs nonexperiments)

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4
Q

6 divisions of biopsychology

A
  1. Physiological psychology
  2. Psycho-pharmacology
  3. Neuro-psychology
  4. Psycho-physiology
  5. Cognitive Neuroscience
  6. Comparative Psychology
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5
Q

Physiological psychology

A

Study of neural mechanisms of behavior by manipulating nervous system of nonhuman animals in controlled experiments

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6
Q

Strategy of physiological psych

A

Insert precisely a tool in the brain, use tool and observe behavior, use atlas and stereotaxic instrument
+
Lesions, electrical stimulation, physiological recordings

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7
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

Study of effects of drugs on brain and behavior in nonhumans and humans

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8
Q

Strategy of psychopharmacology

A

Administer drugs to inc. or dec. effects of chemical messengers

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9
Q

Measuring chemical activity for psychopharmacology

A
  • 2-Deoxyglucose: taken up by active cells, brain is removed/imaged
  • Cerebral dialysis: implant tube, analyze chemicals found outside cells of behaving animals
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10
Q

Locating NTs for psychopharmacology

A

Immunoctochemistry and In situ hyrbridization

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11
Q

Neuropsychology

A

Study of psychological effects of brain damage in human patients

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12
Q

Strategy of neuropsychology

A

Assess the cognitive functions of neurologic patients using a test battery approach

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13
Q

Psychophysiology

A

Study of relation between gross physiological activity and psychological processes in human subjects by noninvasive physiological recording

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14
Q

Strategy of psychophysiology

A

Record physiological activity from surface of human body while a behavior is performed

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15
Q

5 most widely studied measures in psychophysiology

A
  1. Brain: EEG
  2. Muscle tension: EMG
  3. Eye movement: EOG
  4. Skin conductance
  5. Cardio: ECG
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16
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

Study of neural mechanisms of human cognition

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17
Q

Strategy of cognitive neuro

A

Use functional brain imaging techniques to identify parts of brain that mediate various constituent cognitive processes
-PET and fMRI

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18
Q

Comparative psychology

A

Study of evolution, genetics, and adaptiveness of behavior in laboratory species

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19
Q

Strategy of comparative psych

A

Use genetic manipulations and behavioral research methods to assess species-common behaviors (ex: eating, drinking, anxiety, aggression, sexual behavior), gene knockout/replacement, conditioning

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20
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

Severe memory loss, commonly seen in alcoholics (Jimmie G), due to thiamine deficiency but accelerated by alcohol

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21
Q

Channel protein

A

Allows molecules to pass through, in membranes around cell

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22
Q

Signal proteins

A

Transfer signal to inside of neuron where particular molecules bind to them on outside of membrane, on surface

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23
Q

Golgi stain

A

Allows for visualization of individual neurons

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24
Q

Nissl stain

A

Selectively stains cell bodies, used to indicated the number of neurons in an area

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25
Q

Electron microscopy

A

Provides info about details of neuronal structure

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26
Q

Anterograde tract tracing

A

Trace axons projecting away from cell bodies

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27
Q

Retrograde tract tracing

A

Trace axons projecting into an area of cell bodies

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28
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Info from tissue/organs, unipolar in PNS

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29
Q

Interneuron

A

Integrates and intermediate, multipolar in CNS

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30
Q

Motor neuron

A

Information to effector cells, multipolar in PNS

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31
Q

Glia

A

Helper cells, outnumber neurons 5:1, provide structural/metabolic support to neurons, glial communication and modulatory effects of glia on neuronal communication

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32
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Extensions rich in myelin (myelinated many), create myelin sheaths in CNS

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33
Q

Schwann cells

A

Similar to oligodendrocytes, but in PNS, can guide axonal regeneration, need many because only one at a time

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34
Q

Microglia

A

Involved in response to injury or disease, ramified (non-activated), motile (activated), phagocytic, “WBC of CNS”)

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35
Q

Astrocytes

A

Largest glia, star-shaped, many functions:

  • Form barrier
  • Control blood flow to neurons
  • Maintain proper chemical state/remove waste
  • Surround synapses and modify neuronal signals
  • Send nutrients (glucose) to neurons
  • Digest old neuronal parts
  • Secrete NTs and glial-transmitters
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36
Q

Resting membrane potential (value)

A

-70mv, said to be polarized

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37
Q

Inside vs outside ions

A

Inside: Potassium
Outside: Sodium & Chloride

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38
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Particles moving from an area with high concentration to area with low concentration

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39
Q

Electrical gradient

A

Formed by charge difference across membrane

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40
Q

Depolarizations

A

EPSPs, make membrane potential more positive

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41
Q

Hyperpolizations

A

IPSPs, make membrane potential more negative

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42
Q

PSP properties (3)

A
  1. Graded- amp proportional to intensity
  2. Rapid
  3. Decremental- decrease as they travel towards soma
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43
Q

Types of summation of PSPs (2)

A
  1. Spatial- different places

2. Temporal- different times

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44
Q

What causes absolute refractory period?

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels closed (1 ms)

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45
Q

Relative refractory period

A

(2-4 ms) AP is possible for a stronger than normal stimulus to overcome fact that voltage-gated K+ channels still open

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46
Q

Orthodromic conduction

A

Natural direction, from cell body to terminal buttons

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47
Q

Antidromic conduction

A

Towards cell body

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48
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

In myelinated axons, APs “hop” from one node of Ranvier to the next

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49
Q

Directed synapse

A

Site of release and contact are in close proximity

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50
Q

Non-directed synapse

A

Site of release and contact are separated by some distance (e.g., hormones and neuromodulators)

51
Q

Coexistence

A

Most neurons contain 2 NTs- one small in small vesicles; one large in larger vesicle

52
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

Associated with ligand-activated ion channels (fast and result in a PSP)

53
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

Associated with signal proteins and G proteins (slow and are longer-lasting, are varied)

54
Q

Autoreceptors

A

Metabotropic receptors on pre-synaptic membrane, maintains appropriate level of NT release

55
Q

Reuptake

A

Typical, scoop up and recycle NT

56
Q

Enzymatic degradation

A

NT is broken down by enzymes

57
Q

Steps in NT action (7)

A
  1. Synthesize NTs under influence of enzymes
  2. Store in vesicles
  3. Leaky NTs are destroyed by enzymes
  4. APs cause vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane and release NT
  5. Released NT bind with autoreceptors and inhibit more release
  6. NT bind to postsynaptic receptors
  7. NT deactivated by reuptake of enzymatic degradation
58
Q

Gap junctions

A

Connects cytoplasm of 2 adjacent cells (between neurons and glia)

59
Q

Tripartite synpase

A

Astrocytes wrap around synapses and connect to both pre- and post- synaptic cells

60
Q

Small NTs (4)

A
  1. Amino acids
  2. Monamines
  3. Ach
  4. Unconventional NTs (ex: nitric oxide)
61
Q

Large NT

A

Neuropeptides

62
Q

Amino Acid NTs

A
  • Glutamate and Aspartate: excitatory

- GABA and Glycine inhibitory

63
Q

Monoamines

A

Catecholamines and indolamines, synapses tend to be nondirect (unusual for small NTs)

64
Q

Achetylcholine receptors (2)

A
  1. Nicotinic- ionotropic, activates muscle, PNS

2. Muscarinic- metabotropic, memory, CNS

65
Q

Soluble gases

A

Exist briefly, involved in retrograde transmission (regulate activity of presynaptic cells)

66
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

Similar to THC (marijuana), exist briefly, inhibit release of NT

67
Q

Agonists

A

Increase or facilitate activity

68
Q

Antagonists

A

Decrease or inhibit activity

69
Q

3 meninges

A
  1. Dura mater (superficial)
  2. Arachnoid mater (has CSF)
  3. Pia mater (deep)
70
Q

Brain blood supply from 3 main arteries

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Middle
  3. Posterior cerebral arteries
71
Q

Spinal cord blood supply from 3 main arteries

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Right
  3. Left posterior arteries
72
Q

CNS: Blood barriers

A

BBB and BSCB, glucose is actively transported

73
Q

Why is the blood barrier weak in some areas?

A

Allow monitoring of the chemical composition of blood

74
Q

4 differences between CNS and PNS

A
  1. Skull
  2. Meninges
  3. CSF
  4. Blood barriers
75
Q

5 major divisions in brain

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Metencephalon
  5. Myelencephalon
76
Q

Spinal cord segments

A

31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

77
Q

Spinal cord areas (2)

A
  1. Inner H-shape: grey matter (cell bodies)

2. Outer area: white matter (myelinated axons)

78
Q

Sections of spinal cord

A
  • Dorsal, afferent, sensory, unipolar

- Ventral, efferent, motor, multipolar

79
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Conscious, sensory and motor innervation, sensations we are aware of (light and pain), voluntary movements

80
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Unconscious, regulates visceral (organ) functions that maintain homeostasis, 2 efferent components: symp. and parasymp.

81
Q

ANS: second-stage neurons in sympathetic

A

Far from target

82
Q

ANS: second-stage neurons in parasympathetic

A

Near target organ

83
Q

Cranial nerves

A
  • “On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny, Very Good Vehicle Any How”
  • “Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most”
84
Q

Myelencephalon function

A

Serves as the connection between the higher levels of the brain and spinal cord and deals with basic autonomic functions

85
Q

Dorsal column nuclei

A

In myelencephalon, receives ascending (sensory) info, sends to thalamus (contains cuneatus and gracilis)

86
Q

Inferior olive

A

In myelencephalon, motor coordination, inputs to cerebellum

87
Q

Metencephalon structures

A

Pons and cerebellum

88
Q

Mesencephalon structures

A

Tectum (roof) and tegmentum

89
Q

Tectum

A

Composed of two bumps: superior and inferior colliculi

90
Q

Tegmentum

A

3 “colorful” nuclei:

  1. Periaqueductal gray
  2. Red nucleus
  3. Substantia nigra
91
Q

Periaqueductal gray (cell bodies)

A

Pain modulation, defensive behavior, maternal behavior

92
Q

Red nucleus (iron)

A

Motor coordination, receives output from cerebellum

93
Q

Substantia nigra (melanin)

A

Movement planning, talks to pontine nuclei

94
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Complex network of nuclei, sleep-wake transitions, attention/arousal (RAS), voluntary motor control, reward and addiction (VTA), mood (locus coeruleus, Raphe nuclei)

95
Q

Diencephalon structures

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

96
Q

Thalamus functions

A

Process/relay info to cortex, consciousness, attention, sleep-wake, structure for ascending tracts

97
Q

Parts of thalamus to know (3)

A
  1. VPN- receives from dorsal column nuclei, ascending somatosensory
  2. LGN: vision
  3. MGN: auditory
98
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A

Links nervous system to endocrine system, controls activities of ANS

99
Q

Telencephalon

A

Fissues (divides lobes), sulci, gyri, commissures

100
Q

3 large gyri

A
  1. Precentral
  2. Postcentral
  3. Superior temporal
101
Q

Telencephalon: neocortex

A

6 layers

102
Q

Telencephalon: limbic system

A

Amygdala, hippocampus, (cingulate, fornix, septum, mammillary bodies); regulates emotional life and contributes to memory formation

103
Q

Telencephalon: basal ganglia

A

Striatum (caudate and putamen), globus pallidus and substantia nigra; plays role in performance of voluntary motor responses

104
Q

Phases of development

A

Ovum + sperm = zygote, cell division

105
Q

Fertilized egg potency

A

Totipotent

106
Q

Blastocyst potency

A

Pluripotent (can be anything in future, except placental cell)

107
Q

What does the ectoderm become?

A

Outer layer of skin, hair, lining of nose and mouth, and NS

108
Q

What does the endoderm become?

A

Digestive tract, respiratory tract, liver, and pancreas

109
Q

What does the mesoderm become?

A

Muscles and skeleton

110
Q

Neural plate

A

A patch of tissue on the dorsal surface of the embryo, induced by chemical signals from mesoderm (the “organizer”), ectoderm flattened

111
Q

Radial migration

A

Proceeds from the ventricular zone in a straight line outward toward the outer wall of the tube, easier than tangential

112
Q

Tangential migration

A

Occurs at a right angle to radial migration- parallel to tube’s wall

113
Q

Aggregation

A

After migration, cells align themselves with other cells and form structures, form nuclei (CNS) and ganglia (PNS)

114
Q

Growth cone

A

At the growing tip of each extension; extends and retracts filopodia as if finding its way

115
Q

What is synapse formation process enhanced by?

A

Presence of glial cells, especially astrocytes

116
Q

Necrosis

A

Cells crushed, not free will, microglia cleans up (like murder)

117
Q

Apoptosis

A

Program cell death if neuron fails to obtain life-preserving chemicals (neurotrophins), clean, no inflammation,

118
Q

Growth is a consequence of… (3)

A
  1. Synaptogenesis
  2. Myelination
  3. Dendritic branching
119
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Growth of new neurons seen in olfactory bulb and hippocampus

120
Q

Where are chloride channels located?

A

Dendrites

121
Q

Where is the most glutamate located?

A

Vesicles

122
Q

Where are microtubules located?

A

Axon

123
Q

Where are reuptake transporters located?

A

Buttons

124
Q

Where are G proteins located?

A

Dendrites

BCS 110 (4 decks)

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