Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BCS 110 > Exam 2: Sensory and Motor Systems > Flashcards

Exam 2: Sensory and Motor Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 ways can light be thought of?

A
  1. Particles of energy (photons)

2. Waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Visible light for humans

A

380-760nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Wavelength=

A

Color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Intensity=

A

Brightness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sensitivity

A

Ability to detect the presence of dimly lit objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Acuity

A

Ability to see details of objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the lens do?

A

Focuses light on retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do ciliary muscles do?

A

Alter the shape of the lens as needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Accommodation

A

Process of adjusting the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What 2 things allow for depth perception?

A
  1. Convergence

2. Binocular disparity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Convergence

A

Eyes must turn slightly inward when viewing objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Binocular disparity

A

Difference in position of same image on two retinas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the retina do?

A

Converts light to neural signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

5 layers of retina

A
  1. Retinal ganglion cells
  2. Amacrine cells
  3. Bipolar cells
  4. Horizontal cells
  5. Receptors (deepest)
    “Inside out”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Far objects: round or flat?

A

Flat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Near objects: round or flat?

A

Round

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fovea

A

High-acuity area at center of retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What reduces distortion due to cells between the pupil and the retina?

A

Thinning of the ganglion cell layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Blind spot

A

No receptors where retinal ganglion cell axons exit the eye (optic nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Completion

A

Visual system interpolates the blind spot based on surrounding detail and info from other eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is more sensitive to shorter wavelengths of light?

A

Rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is more sensitive to longer wavelengths of light?

A

Cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 types of cones

A
  1. Red (L)
  2. Green (M)
  3. Blue (S)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Component (trichromatic) theory

A

Color is encoded by ratio of activity in 3 kinds of receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

Color processed in an antagonistic manner (red/green, blue/yellow, white/black)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Temporal integration

A

Saccades allow for bits of info to be summated over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Receptive field

A

Area of visual field within which it is possible for a visual stimulus to influence the firing of a neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of receptors do off-center bipolar cells have?

A

Ionotropic glutamate receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What type of receptors do on-center bipolar cells have?

A

Metabotropic glutamate receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

Inhibition that neighboring neurons in brain pathways have on each other, increases visual system’s ability to respond to edges of a surface b/c edge neurons receive less or more inhibition from neighbors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What type of input does the optic nerve receive?

A

Input from one eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What type of input does the optic tract receive?

A

Input from both eyes, but not depth perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

2 channels in LGN

A
  1. P

2. M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What layer does the LGN project to?

A

Layer IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

P cells

A

Small, top 4 layers, color, still, cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

M cells

A

Large, bottom 2 layers, no color, motion, rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do cells in lower (input) layer IV tend to have?

A

Receptive fields with a center-surround organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What do cells in upper layer IV tend to be?

A

“Simple” cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Simple cell characteristics

A
  • Rectangular receptive field
  • “On” and “Off” regions
  • Orientation and location sensitive
  • All are monocular (in one eye)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How are simple cells constructed?

A

Convergence of center surround inputs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Ocular dominance columns

A

Stripes of neurons in visual cortex that respond preferentially to input from one eye or the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What do hypercolumns consist of? (3)

A
  1. Pairs of ocular dominance columns
  2. Blobs
  3. Many orientation columns
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Color constancy

A

Color perception is not altered by varying reflected wavelengths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Retinex theory (Land)

A

Color is determined by comparing the light reflected from adjacent surfaces (contrast)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are dual-opponent color cells sensitive to?

A

Color contrast, found in cortical “blobs”, receive P inputs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Blobs

A

Color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Interblobs

A

Shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Where in the visual system is depth perception?

A

Interblobs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Pitch

A

Difference in frequency harmonics

50
Q

Sound propagation steps (6)

A
  1. Wave enters auditory canal
  2. Strikes eardrum (or tympanic membrane)
  3. Ossicles (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) vibrate
  4. Oval window vibrates
  5. Fluid in cochlea set in motion
  6. Vibrations of fluid dissipated at round window
51
Q

What divides the cochlea into 3 chambers?

A

Reissner’s membrane and basilar membrane

52
Q

What is the auditory receptor organ called?

A

Organ of Corti

53
Q

Motion of basilar membrane at base

A

Like a guitar string, plucked and vibrated quickly, high frequencies, light

54
Q

Motion of basilar membrane at apex

A

Like a jump rope, heavy and slow, vibrates at low frequencies

55
Q

2 types of hair cells in Organ of Corti

A
  1. Inner hair cells: 3,500

2. Outer hair cells: 14,000

56
Q

What do all hair cells have?

A

Stereocilia on upper surfaces, in or near tectorial membrane

57
Q

Mechanotranduction

A

Conversion of mechanical stimulus to an electrical or chemical signal

58
Q

What is the job of the outer hair cells in transduction?

A

Change length and augment basilar membrane motion

59
Q

What is the job of the inner hair cells in transduction?

A

Release transmitter onto axons of auditory nerve

60
Q

What type of organization is the auditory system?

A

Tonotopic, arrayed according to frequency

61
Q

What does the auditory cortex include? (2)

A
  1. A core (primary; A1)
  2. Up to 10 belt (secondary) regions
    - Each area organized tonotopically
62
Q

What 2 areas of association cortex are auditory signals conducted to?

A
  1. Posterior parietal cortex

2. Prefrontal cortex

63
Q

Damage: lesions of auditory cortex (2)

A
  1. Unilateral

2. Bilateral

64
Q

Damage: deafness (2)

A
  1. Conductive

2. Nerve

65
Q

3 divisions of somatosensory system

A
  1. Exteroceptive external stimuli
  2. Proprioceptive body position
  3. Interoceptive body conditions
66
Q

Cutaneous receptors (4)

A
  1. Meissner’s corpuscles
  2. Merkel’s disks
  3. Ruffini endings
  4. Pacinian corpuscles
67
Q

Stereognosis

A

Identification of objects by touch

68
Q

What type of transduction occurs at free nerve endings?

A

Painful and thermal stimuli

69
Q

What do nociceptors respond to?

A

Strong mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli (or all 3)

70
Q

Dermatome

A

Area of the body that is innervated by the left and right dorsal roots of a given segment of the spinal cord, unipolar and sensory

71
Q

Dorsal-Column Medial Lemniscus

A

Mainly touch and muscles/joints, first synapse in dorsal column nuclei of medulla

72
Q

Anterolateral System

A

Mainly pain and temperature, first synapse in spinal cord, 3 tracts

73
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Signal muscle length, in parallel with muscle fibers

74
Q

Muscle fibers

A

Signal muscle tension, in series with Golgi tendon organs

75
Q

What do mechanosensitive proprioceptors in joints respond to?

A

Angle, direction, and velocity of joint

76
Q

What 2 structures are in the vestibular system?

A
  1. Semicircular canals

2. Otolith organs

77
Q

What do the semicircular canals detect?

A

Turning movements of head, angular accelerations, push-pull

78
Q

What do the otolith organs sense?

A

Changes of head angle (position of head) and linear accelerations, push-pull “rocks”)

79
Q

Olfaction neurogenesis

A

Receptors are regularly replaced (10-20 million in humans)

80
Q

How is odor encoded?

A

By component processing: by pattern of activity across receptor types

81
Q

Where do axons of olfactory receptors terminate?

A

Olfactory glomeruli (clusters of neurons near surface of olfactory bulb)

82
Q

Where does the olfactory tract project?

A

Bilaterally to medial temporal lobe structures including piriform cortex and amygdala

83
Q

2 pathways from medial lobe in olfactory system

A
  1. Limbic system

2. Thalamus-orbitofrontal cortex

84
Q

Taste

A

Sensations relayed by taste receptor cells, 5 tastes

85
Q

5 tastes

A
  1. Sweet
  2. Sour
  3. Salty
  4. Bitter
  5. Umami
86
Q

Flavor

A

Multi-sensory percept depending on taste, smell, texture, temperature, and pain

87
Q

What 3 accessory structures (papillae) are taste buds grouped into?

A
  1. Vallate
  2. Foliate
  3. Fungiform
88
Q

How many taste buds do each papilla have?

A

~1-200

89
Q

How many taste buds does a person have?

A

~2,000-5,000

90
Q

How many taste receptor cells do buds have?

A

~50-150

91
Q

Direct transduction in gustatory

A

Salty and sour

92
Q

Indirect transduction in gustatory

A

Bitter, sweet, and umami

93
Q

At what cranial nerves do gustatory afferent neurons leave?

A

7th, 9th, and 10th and goes to solitary nucleus of medulla

94
Q

Where do chemical senses first merge?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

95
Q

Anosmia

A

Inability to smell

96
Q

Ageusia

A

Inability to taste

97
Q

Dorsolateral Tracts (2)

A
  1. Corticospinal tract

2. Corticorubrospinal tract

98
Q

Ventromedial Tracts (2)

A
  1. Corticospinal tract

2. Cortico-brainstem-spinal tract

99
Q

What is at the top of the sensorimotor hierarchy?

A

Association cortex

100
Q

2 major areas of sensorimotor association cortex

A
  1. Posterior parietal

2. Dorsolateral prefrontal

101
Q

What input does the PPAC receive?

A

Dorsal streams of somatosensory, auditory, and visual systems

102
Q

What does electrical stimulation of PPAC cause?

A

INTENT to perform action

103
Q

Apraxia

A

Inability to make a requested movement (cannot form intent)

104
Q

Contralateral neglect

A

Inability to respond to stimuli contralateral to lesion

105
Q

What does the DLPFAC do?

A

Anticipates consequences of various movements and forms a plan of action

106
Q

3 major areas of secondary motor cortex

A
  1. Premotor
  2. Supplementary
  3. Cingulate
107
Q

What does the secondary motor cortex do?

A

Converts general plans of action into specific sets of instructions

108
Q

What does the primary motor cortex do?

A

Controls execution of movement

109
Q

How many neurons in sensorimotor cortex are active for mirror neurons?

A

Up to 50%- not enough to perform action

110
Q

What layer does primary motor cortex send input to?

A

Layer V

111
Q

What is the cerebellum involved in?

A

Coordination, precision, and timing of execution + motor learning

112
Q

Basal ganglia: direct-excitation

A

(D1-yes voter) Facilitates motor (or cognitive) programs in secondary motor cortex that are adaptive for present task

113
Q

Basal ganglia: indirect/hyper-direct-inhibition

A

(D2-no voter) Inhibits execution of competing motor programs

114
Q

What is the cause of Parkinson’s?

A

Loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra

115
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Motor neuron + all muscle fibers it contacts, smallest unit of motor activity

116
Q

What happens at the neuromuscular junctions?

A

Ach is released by motor neurons, which activates the motor end-plate on each muscle fiber and causes the fiber to contract

117
Q

What do extrafusal fibers cause?

A

Muscle contraction

118
Q

What do intrafusal fibers do?

A

Detect the amount and rate of change in length of a muscle

119
Q

Recurrent Collateral Inhibition

A

Allows Renshaw cells to inhibit a neuron. This system hinders repetitive firing of a single motor neuron

120
Q

What do stretch reflexes do?

A

Produce immediate compensatory contraction to prevent external forces from altering the intended position of the body

121
Q

Motor equivalence

A

Given movement can be accomplished various ways, using different muscles

BCS 110 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions