Exam 3 Answers Flashcards by Abby Peterson

The coefficient of relatedness (r) calculates:

the probability that any two individuals share genes that are identical by descent.

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Match the coefficients of relatedness to the relationships listed. Assume this is for a diploid, non-inbred genetic system.

Daughter to Father

0.5

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Match the coefficients of relatedness to the relationships listed. Assume this is for a diploid, non-inbred genetic system.

First cousin to first cousin

0.125

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Match the coefficients of relatedness to the relationships listed. Assume this is for a diploid, non-inbred genetic system.

Aunt to nephew

0.25

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Match the coefficients of relatedness to the relationships listed. Assume this is for a diploid, non-inbred genetic system.

Husband to Wife

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All of the following are sources of criticism for Hamilton’s Rule EXCEPT:

Animals cannot do the necessary mathematical calculations to determine when they should be altruistic

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Refer to the graph above. These observations show that female ground squirrels produce more alarm calls than males. Can this be attributed to kinship? Why or why not?

Yes, because females disperse less and are more related to the group than the average male.

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Haplodiploid genetic systems have which of the following characteristics?

Females are diploid; males are haploid.

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Which of the following is NOT true for most eusocial species?

Males do the majority of the work in the colony

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Hamilton’s rule states that altruism will be favored to evolve when:

rB > C, where r= coefficient of relatedness, B= fitness benefit to recipient of altruism, C= fitness cost to altruist

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According to kin selection theory and the “haplodiploidy hypothesis”, haplodiploidy should favor the evolution of sociality most strongly under which mating system?

Monandry

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Which of the following statements about sibling rivalry is NOT true based on an evolutionary perspective?

When resources are scarce, siblings should act more altruistically toward each other than when resources are abundant.

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Which of the following could be an example of group selection?

Workers within ant colony cooperating in defensive behavior to ward off attackers from a conspecific ant nest

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Conflict between siblings or between parents and offspring should be LEAST abundant in which of the following situations?

In a clonally reproducing species

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In our hypothetical story about saving a drowning sibling, is altruism (jumping in to save him or her) favored given a scenario in which you and your sibling would each have 2 children, and your probability of drowning is 0.4? Use Hamilton’s inequality to evaluate the situation.

Yes

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Which of the following statements relates to rule-of-thumb models of kin recognition?

Social familiars are treated as relatives

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The required relationship among payoffs in the prisoner’s dilemma game, where S = sucker’s payoff, R = reward for mutual cooperation, P = punishment for mutual defection, and T = temptation to cheat, is:

T > R > P > S

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What is the “dilemma” in the prisoner’s dilemma game?

Defecting rewards more than cooperating, so purely rational self-interested prisoners would betray the other, even though in the long term the best option is for both to cooperate.

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Two guppies are in a high-predation riverbank. Guppy 1 inspects a nearby potential predator and relays information to guppy 2. Guppy 2 decided not to inspect the next predator, and guppy 1 refuses to inspect predators again until guppy 2 eventually does so. This is an example of which cooperation strategy?

Tit-for-tat reciprocal altruism

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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the tit-for-tat rule?

Players using the tit-for-tat strategy start by defecting, but later begin to cooperate.

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True or false? Increasing the encounter rate of an unfavorable prey item will affect a predator’s foraging strategy when favorable prey is abundant.

False

TRUE OR FALSE? An evolutionarily stable strategy is a strategy that, when adopted by all members of a population, can easily be “invaded” and replaced by a new, rare strategy.

False

Byproduct mutualism (BM) differs from reciprocity (REC) in which of the following ways?

In BM, but not REC, there is no temptation to cheat, nor do individuals have to keep track of their partner’s behavior.

When coalitions exist for long periods of time, they are referred to as:

alliances

Sharing of blood meals in vampire bats has been attributed to which of the following "routes to cooperation" we discussed in class?

Kin Selection and Reciprocity

Which of the following statements about trait-group selection models of cooperation is FALSE?

Between-group selection requires cooperation in kin groups

Multilevel selection is primarily concerned with the interacting forces of selection acting on which levels?

genes, individuals, social groups

A species of fly has evolved coloration similar to a venomous bee species. This is an example of (a) _____.

mimicry

What are some costs and/or challenges associated with food-hoarding behavior?

- Overcoming the impulse to immediately consume a food item - Choosing a safe location where others will not find food and/or food will not spoil. - Remembering where food is located

Public information can be beneficial in group-living animals because it allows:

animals to use the foraging success of others as an indicator of the presence or quality of food.

Crows can vary in their seed caching behavior. In an environment with low and variable food availability, we would expect seed caching rates to be _____ and relative hippocampus size to be _____ than the species average.

Higher; higher

Which of the following does NOT factor into the decision to leave one patch of food for another?

- The cost of moving between patches - The rate of food intake at the current patch - The expected rate of food intake at a new patch

The marginal value theorem (of optimal foraging theory) predicts what?

That as τ, the time to travel between patches increases, T, the time to stay in a patch increases

A foraging innovation refers to:

either a new foraging technique or ingestion of a new food type

Optimal foraging theory is:

a set of mathematical models that predict the best possible solution to an animal foraging behavior problem within a given set of constraints.

True or False? Because species are selected to forage optimally to increase their food intake, predation risk should have no effect on foraging behavior.

False

Refer to the graph below. The experiment shows that at ______ food density, great tits conform to optimal foraging theory because they take a majority of __________ food items, even when __________ food items are more abundant.

High, high profitability, low profitability

A beetle spends only a few minutes at a patch of food before moving onto another. Based on the marginal value theorem, what could you infer about the environment?

Patches are relatively close together.

An important prediction of optimal prey choice models is that, given a highly profitable prey item (prey type 1), the decision to add a less profitable prey item (prey type 2) to one’s diet depends on:

encounter rate of prey type 1.

How can we calculate the profitability of a food item?

Energy gained divided by handling cost

Individuals that adopt “scrounger” foraging strategies:

do not discover new food sources, and instead "parasitize" the foraging efforts of other group members.

Dr. Jennifer Schieltz presented data from her research on ungulates in Kenya showing:

Hybridization between zebra species can affect behavior

Dr. Corinna Most presented results from her primate research in Kenya demonstrating:

Young olive baboons can form "secondary attachments" to others who are not their mother.

A trade-off refers to the notion that:

time or energy dedicated to one activity cannot be used for other activities.

Which of the following is a common strategy prey use to deal with a predator encounter after they have already been detected?

flee

True or False? A coevolutionary arms race is when changes to traits in species 1 lead to changes to traits in species 2, which then feed back to further change species 1, etc. This can lead to exaggerated traits in both species.

True

Which of the following is NOT a strategy for avoiding detection by predators?

mobbing

The ability of a cuttlefish to change its skin color from solid to mottled to disruptive is an example of which antipredator strategy?

crypsis

The following data on toadfish calling rates, involving a playback experiment, suggest what type of anti-predator strategy is being used to avoid toadfish being predated by dolphins?

being quiet

Which factors can influence an animal's flight initiation distance?

both distance to safety and previous experience with a predator

Pheromone parties are:

A new dating method involving smelling sweaty t-shirts, based on the idea that humans are attracted to mates by smell