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Bio 354 Final Exam > Exam 3 Answers > Flashcards

Exam 3 Answers Flashcards

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1
Q

The coefficient of relatedness (r) calculates:

A

the probability that any two individuals share genes that are identical by descent.

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2
Q

Match the coefficients of relatedness to the relationships listed. Assume this is for a diploid, non-inbred genetic system.

Daughter to Father

A

0.5

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3
Q

Match the coefficients of relatedness to the relationships listed. Assume this is for a diploid, non-inbred genetic system.

First cousin to first cousin

A

0.125

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4
Q

Match the coefficients of relatedness to the relationships listed. Assume this is for a diploid, non-inbred genetic system.

Aunt to nephew

A

0.25

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5
Q

Match the coefficients of relatedness to the relationships listed. Assume this is for a diploid, non-inbred genetic system.

Husband to Wife

A

0

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6
Q

All of the following are sources of criticism for Hamilton’s Rule EXCEPT:

A

Animals cannot do the necessary mathematical calculations to determine when they should be altruistic

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7
Q

Refer to the graph above. These observations show that female ground squirrels produce more alarm calls than males. Can this be attributed to kinship? Why or why not?

A

Yes, because females disperse less and are more related to the group than the average male.

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8
Q

Haplodiploid genetic systems have which of the following characteristics?

A

Females are diploid; males are haploid.

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9
Q

Which of the following is NOT true for most eusocial species?

A

Males do the majority of the work in the colony

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10
Q

Hamilton’s rule states that altruism will be favored to evolve when:

A

rB > C, where r= coefficient of relatedness, B= fitness benefit to recipient of altruism, C= fitness cost to altruist

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11
Q

According to kin selection theory and the “haplodiploidy hypothesis”, haplodiploidy should favor the evolution of sociality most strongly under which mating system?

A

Monandry

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12
Q

Which of the following statements about sibling rivalry is NOT true based on an evolutionary perspective?

A

When resources are scarce, siblings should act more altruistically toward each other than when resources are abundant.

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13
Q

Which of the following could be an example of group selection?

A

Workers within ant colony cooperating in defensive behavior to ward off attackers from a conspecific ant nest

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14
Q

Conflict between siblings or between parents and offspring should be LEAST abundant in which of the following situations?

A

In a clonally reproducing species

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15
Q

In our hypothetical story about saving a drowning sibling, is altruism (jumping in to save him or her) favored given a scenario in which you and your sibling would each have 2 children, and your probability of drowning is 0.4? Use Hamilton’s inequality to evaluate the situation.

A

Yes

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16
Q

Which of the following statements relates to rule-of-thumb models of kin recognition?

A

Social familiars are treated as relatives

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17
Q

The required relationship among payoffs in the prisoner’s dilemma game, where S = sucker’s payoff, R = reward for mutual cooperation, P = punishment for mutual defection, and T = temptation to cheat, is:

A

T > R > P > S

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18
Q

What is the “dilemma” in the prisoner’s dilemma game?

A

Defecting rewards more than cooperating, so purely rational self-interested prisoners would betray the other, even though in the long term the best option is for both to cooperate.

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19
Q

Two guppies are in a high-predation riverbank. Guppy 1 inspects a nearby potential predator and relays information to guppy 2. Guppy 2 decided not to inspect the next predator, and guppy 1 refuses to inspect predators again until guppy 2 eventually does so. This is an example of which cooperation strategy?

A

Tit-for-tat reciprocal altruism

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20
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the tit-for-tat rule?

A

Players using the tit-for-tat strategy start by defecting, but later begin to cooperate.

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21
Q

True or false? Increasing the encounter rate of an unfavorable prey item will affect a predator’s foraging strategy when favorable prey is abundant.

A

False

22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE? An evolutionarily stable strategy is a strategy that, when adopted by all members of a population, can easily be “invaded” and replaced by a new, rare strategy.

A

False

23
Q

Byproduct mutualism (BM) differs from reciprocity (REC) in which of the following ways?

A

In BM, but not REC, there is no temptation to cheat, nor do individuals have to keep track of their partner’s behavior.

24
Q

When coalitions exist for long periods of time, they are referred to as:

A

alliances

25
Q

Sharing of blood meals in vampire bats has been attributed to which of the following “routes to cooperation” we discussed in class?

A

Kin Selection and Reciprocity

26
Q

Which of the following statements about trait-group selection models of cooperation is FALSE?

A

Between-group selection requires cooperation in kin groups

27
Q

Multilevel selection is primarily concerned with the interacting forces of selection acting on which levels?

A

genes, individuals, social groups

28
Q

A species of fly has evolved coloration similar to a venomous bee species. This is an example of (a) _____.

A

mimicry

29
Q

What are some costs and/or challenges associated with food-hoarding behavior?

A
  • Overcoming the impulse to immediately consume a food item
  • Choosing a safe location where others will not find food and/or food will not spoil.
  • Remembering where food is located
30
Q

Public information can be beneficial in group-living animals because it allows:

A

animals to use the foraging success of others as an indicator of the presence or quality of food.

31
Q

Crows can vary in their seed caching behavior. In an environment with low and variable food availability, we would expect seed caching rates to be _____ and relative hippocampus size to be _____ than the species average.

A

Higher; higher

32
Q

Which of the following does NOT factor into the decision to leave one patch of food for another?

A
  • The cost of moving between patches
  • The rate of food intake at the current patch
  • The expected rate of food intake at a new patch
33
Q

The marginal value theorem (of optimal foraging theory) predicts what?

A

That as τ, the time to travel between patches increases, T, the time to stay in a patch increases

34
Q

A foraging innovation refers to:

A

either a new foraging technique or ingestion of a new food type

35
Q

Optimal foraging theory is:

A

a set of mathematical models that predict the best possible solution to an animal foraging behavior problem within a given set of constraints.

36
Q

True or False? Because species are selected to forage optimally to increase their food intake, predation risk should have no effect on foraging behavior.

A

False

37
Q

Refer to the graph below. The experiment shows that at ______ food density, great tits conform to optimal foraging theory because they take a majority of __________ food items, even when __________ food items are more abundant.

A

High, high profitability, low profitability

38
Q

A beetle spends only a few minutes at a patch of food before moving onto another. Based on the marginal value theorem, what could you infer about the environment?

A

Patches are relatively close together.

39
Q

An important prediction of optimal prey choice models is that, given a highly profitable prey item (prey type 1), the decision to add a less profitable prey item (prey type 2) to one’s diet depends on:

A

encounter rate of prey type 1.

40
Q

How can we calculate the profitability of a food item?

A

Energy gained divided by handling cost

41
Q

Individuals that adopt “scrounger” foraging strategies:

A

do not discover new food sources, and instead “parasitize” the foraging efforts of other group members.

42
Q

Dr. Jennifer Schieltz presented data from her research on ungulates in Kenya showing:

A

Hybridization between zebra species can affect behavior

43
Q

Dr. Corinna Most presented results from her primate research in Kenya demonstrating:

A

Young olive baboons can form “secondary attachments” to others who are not their mother.

44
Q

A trade-off refers to the notion that:

A

time or energy dedicated to one activity cannot be used for other activities.

45
Q

Which of the following is a common strategy prey use to deal with a predator encounter after they have already been detected?

A

flee

46
Q

True or False? A coevolutionary arms race is when changes to traits in species 1 lead to changes to traits in species 2, which then feed back to further change species 1, etc. This can lead to exaggerated traits in both species.

A

True

47
Q

Which of the following is NOT a strategy for avoiding detection by predators?

A

mobbing

48
Q

The ability of a cuttlefish to change its skin color from solid to mottled to disruptive is an example of which antipredator strategy?

A

crypsis

49
Q

The following data on toadfish calling rates, involving a playback experiment, suggest what type of anti-predator strategy is being used to avoid toadfish being predated by dolphins?

A

being quiet

50
Q

Which factors can influence an animal’s flight initiation distance?

A

both distance to safety and previous experience with a predator

51
Q

Pheromone parties are:

A

A new dating method involving smelling sweaty t-shirts, based on the idea that humans are attracted to mates by smell

Bio 354 Final Exam (5 decks)

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