exam 3: all about plants Flashcards

1
Q

alternation of generations

A

one generation is composed of a diploid sporophyte phase, the other a haploid gametophyte phase, and they alternate.

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2
Q

sporophyte generation

What is it? How are the ____ produced?

A

diploid phase, zygote, haploid spores are produced via meiosis

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3
Q

gametophyte generation

What is it? How are the ____ produced?

A

a haploid phase where haploid gametes are produced by mitosis, with those same gametes eventually fusing to produce a diploid zygote. The zygote will then grow into a new sporophyte generation

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4
Q

Charophytes

A

freshwater green algae groups plants are very closely related to, evolution, also called Coelochaetophyceae and Charophyceae

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5
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg. in alternations of generations, sporophyte generation, spores are formed when this zygote undergoes meiosis

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6
Q

lignin

A

a rigid polymer that provides support to plants in order to stay upright, maximizing surface area

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7
Q

sporopollenin

A

another tough material that coats the walls of plant spores, making them tough and watertight. Charophytes surround their zygotes in this material to prevent them from drying out

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8
Q

cuticle

A

a waxy tissue covering the surface that limits water loss

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9
Q

stomata

A

pores in leaves that allow for gas exchange, but also close themselves to limit water loss because of evaporation

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10
Q

Bryophytes

Name 5 overcompassing details

A

the most primitive division in the plant kingdom.
a. lack true roots, stems, or leaves, instead have rhizoids
b. lack well-developed structures for transporting water
c. their reproduction is predominately asexual
d. the dominant, leafy form of these plants is the gametophyte generation (haploid)
e. three major groups within the bryophyte division include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

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11
Q

Rhizoid

A

root-like structures in non-vascular plants made up of long tubular single cells/filaments of cells. Not composed of tissue

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12
Q

brood body

A

small plantlets on mosses that break away and grow into new offspring, fragmentation

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13
Q

Gametangium

A

specialized structures to prevent gametes from drying out, in non-vascular plants. the gametes are usually in two different organisms in these structures

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14
Q

antheridium

A

contains the sperm, inside a gametangium, for non-vascular seedless plants

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15
Q

archegonium

A

contains the egg, inside a gametangium, for non-vascular seedless plants

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16
Q

protonema

A

one-celled, thick filament that emerges from the spores and eventually develops into the moss plant

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17
Q

sporangium

A

specialized sporophyte structure in which asexual spores are formed.

18
Q

capsule

A

specialized sporophyte structure in which asexual spores are formed, a different name for sporangium

19
Q

Peristome

A

tooth-like structure atop the capsule/sporangium that allows the spores to be discharged gradually

20
Q

Moss

A

Bryophyta

21
Q

Liverworts

A

Hepaticophyta

22
Q

Hornworts

A

Anthocerophyta

23
Q

gemmae

A

comparable to brood bodies, allows liverworts to reproduce asexually by producing small pieces of tissue that can float away on the water

24
Q

liverwort explanation

A

lack stomata, reproduce asexually by producing small
pieces of tissue called gemmae that can float away on the water

25
Q

Tracheophytes

A

overall plants that produce a vascular system are called…

26
Q

true fern

A

Division Pteridophyta, still similar to mosses in many respects, but
demonstrate several key differences aside from being vascular plants:
a) the branched leafy sporophyte generation is the dominant form
- it is independent of the gametophyte as a nutrition source
- the sporophyte of a ___is called a frond
- the gametophyte is smaller and has a shorter time span
- the sporophyte generates haploid spores via meiosis in a sporangium called a sorus
- lycophytes use a structure called a strobilus
- some ___ and other seedless vascular plants are heterosporous
- they produce two distinct types of spores
- microspores give rise to male gametophytes
- megaspores give rise to female gametophytes
- by contrast, all non-vascular plants are homosporous
b) archegonia and antheridia can be located on the same
gametophyte
- the gametophyte of a ___is called a prothallus
- sperm have smaller distance to travel to reach the eggs
- however, like Bryophytes a prothallus lacks true vessels, and the sperm must still swim through water to reach the egg

27
Q

frond

A

sporophyte of a fern

28
Q

sorus

A

the sporangium of true ferns where the sporophyte generates haploid spores visa meiosis

29
Q

strobilus

A

a structure resembling the cone of a conifer, used by lycophytes (evolutionary close to true fern)

30
Q

Heterosporous

A

produce two distinct types of spores; female and male. (some ferns and other seedless vascular plants)

31
Q

microspore

A

spores that give rise to male gametophytes

32
Q

megaspores

A

spores that give rise to female gametophytes

33
Q

Homosporous

A

produce only one kind of spore (all non-vascular plants are ____)

34
Q

Prothallus

A

the gametophyte of a fern

35
Q

monilophytes

A

rue ferns and all other vascular seedless
plants save the lycophytes are united under the single
group _____

36
Q

microphylls

A

a type of plant leaf with a single unbranched vein, lycophytes have them

37
Q

megaphyll

A

a leaf with highly branched vascular tissue

38
Q

gymnosperm

A

the first group of plants to possess a vascular
system and to use pollen and seeds. a group of naked seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes

39
Q

pollen grain

A

microscopic structures, which bear androecium – a male reproductive organ of a flower. self-explanatory. male gametophyte

40
Q

seed

A

an undeveloped plant embryo and food reserve enclosed in a protective outer covering

41
Q

ovule

A

a structure during which the female gametophyte is produced