exam 3: all about plants

Question 1

alternation of generations

Answer 1

one generation is composed of a diploid sporophyte phase, the other a haploid gametophyte phase, and they alternate.

Question 2

sporophyte generation

What is it? How are the ____ produced?

Answer 2

diploid phase, zygote, haploid spores are produced via meiosis

Question 3

gametophyte generation

What is it? How are the ____ produced?

Answer 3

a haploid phase where haploid gametes are produced by mitosis, with those same gametes eventually fusing to produce a diploid zygote. The zygote will then grow into a new sporophyte generation

Question 4

Charophytes

Answer 4

freshwater green algae groups plants are very closely related to, evolution, also called Coelochaetophyceae and Charophyceae

Question 5

zygote

Answer 5

a fertilized egg. in alternations of generations, sporophyte generation, spores are formed when this zygote undergoes meiosis

Question 6

lignin

Answer 6

a rigid polymer that provides support to plants in order to stay upright, maximizing surface area

Question 7

sporopollenin

Answer 7

another tough material that coats the walls of plant spores, making them tough and watertight. Charophytes surround their zygotes in this material to prevent them from drying out

Question 8

cuticle

Answer 8

a waxy tissue covering the surface that limits water loss

Question 9

stomata

Answer 9

pores in leaves that allow for gas exchange, but also close themselves to limit water loss because of evaporation

Question 10

Bryophytes

Name 5 overcompassing details

Answer 10

the most primitive division in the plant kingdom.
a. lack true roots, stems, or leaves, instead have rhizoids
b. lack well-developed structures for transporting water
c. their reproduction is predominately asexual
d. the dominant, leafy form of these plants is the gametophyte generation (haploid)
e. three major groups within the bryophyte division include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

Question 11

Rhizoid

Answer 11

root-like structures in non-vascular plants made up of long tubular single cells/filaments of cells. Not composed of tissue

Question 12

brood body

Answer 12

small plantlets on mosses that break away and grow into new offspring, fragmentation

Question 13

Gametangium

Answer 13

specialized structures to prevent gametes from drying out, in non-vascular plants. the gametes are usually in two different organisms in these structures

Question 14

antheridium

Answer 14

contains the sperm, inside a gametangium, for non-vascular seedless plants

Question 15

archegonium

Answer 15

contains the egg, inside a gametangium, for non-vascular seedless plants

Question 16

protonema

Answer 16

one-celled, thick filament that emerges from the spores and eventually develops into the moss plant

Question 17

sporangium

Answer 17

specialized sporophyte structure in which asexual spores are formed.

Question 18

capsule

Answer 18

specialized sporophyte structure in which asexual spores are formed, a different name for sporangium

Question 19

Peristome

Answer 19

tooth-like structure atop the capsule/sporangium that allows the spores to be discharged gradually

Question 20

Moss

Answer 20

Bryophyta

Question 21

Liverworts

Answer 21

Hepaticophyta

Question 22

Hornworts

Answer 22

Anthocerophyta

Question 23

gemmae

Answer 23

comparable to brood bodies, allows liverworts to reproduce asexually by producing small pieces of tissue that can float away on the water

Question 24

liverwort explanation

Answer 24

lack stomata, reproduce asexually by producing small
pieces of tissue called gemmae that can float away on the water

Question 25

Tracheophytes

Answer 25

overall plants that produce a vascular system are called…

Question 26

true fern

Answer 26

Division Pteridophyta, still similar to mosses in many respects, but
demonstrate several key differences aside from being vascular plants:
a) the branched leafy sporophyte generation is the dominant form
- it is independent of the gametophyte as a nutrition source
- the sporophyte of a ___is called a frond
- the gametophyte is smaller and has a shorter time span
- the sporophyte generates haploid spores via meiosis in a sporangium called a sorus
- lycophytes use a structure called a strobilus
- some ___ and other seedless vascular plants are heterosporous
- they produce two distinct types of spores
- microspores give rise to male gametophytes
- megaspores give rise to female gametophytes
- by contrast, all non-vascular plants are homosporous
b) archegonia and antheridia can be located on the same
gametophyte
- the gametophyte of a ___is called a prothallus
- sperm have smaller distance to travel to reach the eggs
- however, like Bryophytes a prothallus lacks true vessels, and the sperm must still swim through water to reach the egg

Question 27

frond

Answer 27

sporophyte of a fern

Question 28

sorus

Answer 28

the sporangium of true ferns where the sporophyte generates haploid spores visa meiosis

Question 29

strobilus

Answer 29

a structure resembling the cone of a conifer, used by lycophytes (evolutionary close to true fern)

Question 30

Heterosporous

Answer 30

produce two distinct types of spores; female and male. (some ferns and other seedless vascular plants)

Question 31

microspore

Answer 31

spores that give rise to male gametophytes

Question 32

megaspores

Answer 32

spores that give rise to female gametophytes

Question 33

Homosporous

Answer 33

produce only one kind of spore (all non-vascular plants are ____)

Question 34

Prothallus

Answer 34

the gametophyte of a fern

Question 35

monilophytes

Answer 35

rue ferns and all other vascular seedless
plants save the lycophytes are united under the single
group _____

Question 36

microphylls

Answer 36

a type of plant leaf with a single unbranched vein, lycophytes have them

Question 37

megaphyll

Answer 37

a leaf with highly branched vascular tissue

Question 38

gymnosperm

Answer 38

the first group of plants to possess a vascular
system and to use pollen and seeds. a group of naked seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes

Question 39

pollen grain

Answer 39

microscopic structures, which bear androecium – a male reproductive organ of a flower. self-explanatory. male gametophyte

Question 40

seed

Answer 40

an undeveloped plant embryo and food reserve enclosed in a protective outer covering

Question 41

ovule

Answer 41

a structure during which the female gametophyte is produced