exam 2: protista and fungi intro general terms Flashcards
1
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protists
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primarily single-celled organisms, eukaryotic, Eukarya, much larger than prokaryotic bacteria, true cell structure
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Protozoa
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animal-like
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Algae
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plant-like
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basal eukaryote
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more ancient protists, diverged early
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crown eukaryote
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more complex, diverged late
6
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protists members:
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exacavata, SAR clade, archaeplastida, unikonta
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excavates/excavate
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single-celled, primarily defined by the presence of an “excavated” feeding groove found on one side of the cell
8
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Parabasalia
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1/3 excavata supergroup, flagellated protists, always found in association with animals, have reduced mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, possess an internal support rod composed of cross-linked microtubules
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hydrogenosomes
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reduced mitochondria, generate some energy anaerobically, releasing H2 as a by-product.
10
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Diplomonadida
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1/3 excavata supergroup, flagellated, can either be in association with animals or stagnant freshwater environments, have mitosomes, possess two equally-sized nuclei, can encapsulate themselves in cysts
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mitosome
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lack functional electron transport chains
12
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cyst
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protective dormancy structures, water
13
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discicirstrata (euglenozoa)
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1/3 excavata supergroup, posses disc-shaped cristae, unlike other flagellated eukaryotes, they possess a spiral/crystalline rod within their flagella
14
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euglenida
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1/2 group in disciscristata group of Excavata supergroup, elongated cell shape surrounded by a pellicle, possess one or two flagella, can be mixotrophs. eyespot
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pellicle
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a rigid or elastic structure formed by many protein strips
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mixotroph
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can both perform photosynthesis, autotroph, or ingest organic particles, heterotroph, for food consumption
17
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kinetoplastida
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1/2 group in disciscristata group of Excavata supergroup, all have kinetoplast, ex. trypanosomes
18
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kinetoplast
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a mass of mitochondrial DNA (usually found near the flagella attachment at the end of the cell)
19
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chromaveolata
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includes stramenopiles and alveotes
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Alveolate
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have a series of flattened sacs just beneath the cell membrane, alveoli, “appears” to have a three-layer outer membrane, possess mitochondria with tubular-shaped cristae
21
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alveoli
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flattened sacs beneath cell membrane
22
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dinoflagellates
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1/3 group under Aveolata group under SAR clade, two flagella, on longitudinal, and one transverse, possess cell walls composed of overlapping cellulose plates, the main basis of classification is the pattern of the plates, and the coverings as commonly referred to as tests. Considered to be plankton. About half are photosynthetic, the rest obtain nourishment as either predators or parasites
23
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plankton
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microscopic water organisms
24
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red tides
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population explosions that can occur under very favorable conditions occur when dinoflagellates emerge from protective cysts resulting in large-scale fish kills by suffocation or poison. Mollusks may gorge on these blooms, but the bloom can produce a saxitoxin, poisoning the human consumers of the animals infected. (random knowledge: contain chlorophyll a, chlorophyll d, and phycoerythrin)
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saxitoxin
neurotoxin derived from dinoflagellates blooming in red tides.
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Apicomplexa
1/3 group under Aveolata group under SAR clade, are obligate parasites of animals because of the apical complex attaching and entering cells, have complex cell cycles, enter its host in sporozoite form
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sporozoite
the form that apicomplexans enter their host cells in
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ciliates
1/3 group under Aveolata group under SAR clade, have abundant cilia that act as tiny oars to propel the protists through its environment, sweep food into its gullet, and some have cilia bundled together that look like a leg structure. Are composed of a contractile vacuole, macronucleus, and micronucleus. Genetic diversity is achieved through conjugation
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contractile vacuole
regulates water inside of cell
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conjugation
results in genetic diversity, the diploid nucleus still carries out main cell functions as the two haploid nuclei, micronuclei, of the two cells fuse and make a new diploid nucleus, the previous macronucleus disintegrates
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macronucleus
diploid nucleus carries out main nuclear function, later disintegrates and gets replaced through conjugation
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micronucleus
haploid nucleus that can be swapped between individual cells during conjugation, fuse together to make a new macronucleus/diploid nucleus
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trychocysts
specialized structures associated with cilia that shoot out like darts to either offer protection or immobilize prey
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stramenopiles
1/3 group under SAR clade, at some point in their cell life have two flagella, one covered with tubular hairs, (*name of organism*= "straw hairs", while heterokonta = "different flagella", photosynthetic organisms of this group use chlorophyll c and other pigments not found in terrestrial plants. Produce laminarin rather than starch.
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laminarin
a storage carbohydrate, produced by stramenopiles rather than starch
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oomycota/oomycetes (water molds)
1/4 group under stamenopila group of SAR clade, water molds, like fungi: have filamentous bodies and absorb their nutrition from their surroundings.
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oomycota/oomycetes (water molds)
water molds, like fungi: have filamentous bodies, live in moist environments, and absorb their nutrition from their surroundings, unlike fungi: diploid, have cellulose cell walls. Can infect plants and animals.
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diatoms
1/4 group under stamenopila group of SAR clade, encased in protective silica embedded in an organic matrix, frustules, can take on many shapes. A deposit of these structures is used for its slightly abrasive quality. Are an abundant form of phytoplankton, are photosynthetic, one of the leading primary producers in oceans. Oil droplets within the shell provide them with buoyancy, necessary to keep them floating nearer to the surface where light is more available.
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frustule
silica walls, can take on many shapes, and encase diatoms. shells have top and bottom halves that fit together like a pillbox (slightly abrasive quality used for toothpaste, filtration units, metal polish)
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diatomaceous earth
deposit of frustules, (slightly abrasive quality used for toothpaste, filtration units, metal polish)
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Brown algae
1/4 group under stamenopila group of SAR clade, get their color from fucoxanthin, the most complex and largest of algae groups. Multicellular, commonly referred to as seaweed. thallus structures such , hold-fast, blade, and stipe resemble plant organs, and have pneumatocysts (buoyancy)
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fucoxanthin
photosynthetic accessory pigment (hint: brown)
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thallus
plant-like structures
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hold-fast
"roots"
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stipe
"stems"
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blade
"leaves"
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pneumatocysts
gas-filled bladders that provide buoyancy, b.a.
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golden algae
1/4 group under stamenopila group of SAR clade, result from yellow and brown carotenoids, typically have two flagella, biflagellated, some are freshwater, others are marine. All are photosynthetic, but some are mixotrophs. some species can form colonies
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Rhizaria
1/3 group of SAR clade consist of amoebae-like cells that possess very thin needle-like pseudopodia, made by cytoplasm pushing out, like dinos, several groups are surrounded by tests, including foraminiferans, radiolarians, cercozoans, and chlorarachniophytes.
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pseudopod
cytoplasmic extensions for locomotion and food obtainment. the result of interactions between actin, myosin, and powered by ATP. (amoebid motion)
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Foraminfera
1/4 Rhizaria group, have multichambered calcium carbonate shells
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radiolarians
1/4 Rhizaria group, have silica shells
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cercozoans
1/4 Rhizaria group, also have thin pseudopodia but no shells
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chlorarachniophytes
1/4 Rhizaria group, type of photosynthetic cercozoans, therefore also have thin pseudopodia but no shells
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Archaeplastida
major protist super group 1/4, red and green algae fall within this group, eukaryotic, also includes land plants (plantae)
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red algae
in archaeplastida supergroup, predominantly marine autotrophs, multicellular, use a modified version of starch as a storage carb, possess chlorophyll a. posses phycobilins, deep water light yay,
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phycobilins
unique pigments whose composition allows red algae to exist in deeper waters than any other algae because their high levels of red pigments are better at absorbing blue and green levels of light
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green algae
in archaeplastida supergroup, believed to be the protists ancestors of true plants, use chlorophyll a &b, use starch as a storage carb, and have cellulose cell walls. Predominately, freshwater dwellers, fresh water is much more variable. probably had to adapt to drier conditions, and can either be unicellular, multicellular, filamentous, colonial, tubular, or blade-like. do not process thallus structure, but do possess pyrenoids (starch formation). classification is based on body form, habitat, flagella characteristics, and details of cell division.
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pyrenoids
regions of starch formation in the chloroplasts of green algae that higher plants do not have
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unikonta
one flagella 1/4 supergroup, two major subgroups
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amoebozoa
group in unikonta supergroup, strictly protist, has many different types of tubulins, the slime molds are also found as amoeboid cells during at least one of point in their cycle
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tubulins
amoebae protists that use lobe or -tube-shaped pseudopodia as their method of locomotion
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acellular slime molds/Myxomycota
in amoebozoa group of unikonta supergroup, myxomycota, have a life cycle consisting of two phases, have a plasmodium that can form fungus-like fruiting body which will release haploid spores that will germinate under favorable conditions eventually giving rise to a new plasmodium.
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cellular slime molds/acrasiomycota
in amoebozoa group of unikonta supergroup, acrasiomycota, differ from plasmodial slime molds because they have a psuedoplasmodinium that will also form a fruiting body and release spores under favorable conditions
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plasmodium
amoebae protists that use thin mass of cytoplasm containing many diploid nuclei, but no discrete cells separated by plasma membranes, under favorable conditions can form a fungi-like fruiting body, which will release haploid spores that will germinate under favorable conditions eventually giving rise to a new plasmodium (acellular slime molds)
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pseudoplasmodium
a dense aggregation of individual cells that move in a slug-like mass,, like plasmodial slime molds will also form a fruiting body and release spores under favorable conditions
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opisthokonta
in unikonta protists supergroup, only has a few protists members including true fungi and animals and their direct protists ancestors
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endosymbiosis
the primal contributor to protistian diversity by endosymbiotic events,. when certain unicellular organisms engulf other cells which then perpetuate (continue living) within the larger cell (primary) several photosynthetic protists groups most likely obtained their plastids through the engulfing of another photosynthetic protist, either a green or red algae, as opposed to prokaryotic cyanobacterium. [the symbiote many ultimately become organelles, likely how the mitochondria arose from symbiotic aerobically-respiring bacterium (most likely cyanobacteria) (archaeplastida = "ancient plastids")]
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secondary endosymbiosis
organisms engulfing the "engulfer". ex: chlorarachnioplasts still possess a nucleomorph
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nucleomorph
small vestigial nucleus within chloroplasts
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fungi overview/intro
do not perform photosynthesis, are heterotrophic. perform extracellular digestion by secreting enzymes that digest food outside their bodies. many are saprotrophs,s others are parasitic or symbiotic. like animals store their carbs as glycogen rather than starch, unlike plants or animals do not form embryos, instead, have spores. vary in size, origins likely tied to nucleariids.
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saprotrophs
decomposers
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spores
what fungi reproduce with
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nucleariids
amoeba-like protists
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hyphae
fungi are composed of this, are highly branched filaments
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mycelium
made up of hyphae, the body mass, often embedded in the nutrient source, the fruiting body arises from here
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fruting body
a sexual structure arising from the mycelium, also composed of hyphae
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nonseptate hypha
the cytoplasm streams along the length of the filament encircling multiple nuclei, there are no distinct separated cells
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coenocytic condition
a body of algal or fungal cytoplasm containing several nuclei, enclosed in single membrane
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septate hypha
posses septa
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septa
partitions between ells that still have pores in them so that the cytoplasm still forms a continuous stream
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yeasts
what single-celled fungi are collectively referred to
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chitin
a modified carb that makes up a fungi's cell walls
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fungi reproduction
often carry out both sexual and asexual reproduction. the different major classes of this organism are based primarily on their reproductive characteristics, such as sexual structure
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fungi structure
composed of hyphae, mycelium, fruiting bodies, nonspetate hypha, septate hypha, septa, chitin, have chitin cell walls, alternate forms during their life cycle
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asexual reproduction in fungi
can occur in two different ways; 1. the mycelium can simply break into pieces each one growing into a new individual, or 2. resistant haploid spores are generated via mitosis and dispersed into new hyphae. most fungal hyphae are haploid
87
sexual reproduction in fungi
can also lead to spore formation. 1. two haploid nuclei from opposite mating types fuse to create a diploid structure. no sperm or eggs, instead recognize each other by pheromones
2. when fungi hyphae fuse, the haploid nuclei from each remain separate and distinct, creating a heterokaryotic structure, plasmogamy happens
3. haploid spores are then produced via meiosis. in specific cells, the haploid nuclei fuse to create a diploid structure just prior to meiosis, called karyogamy. genetic reshuffling occurs during this stage.
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pheromones
specific sexual hormones
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dikaryotic
cell that contains two distinct haploid nuclei that share the same cytoplasm within a cell and fuse to form a haploid nucleus, heterokaryotic structure
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heterokaryotic
an overall structure where the haploid nuclei from each cell remain separate and distinct
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plasmogamy
fusion of hyphae
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heterokaryon
dikaryotic mycelium
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karyogamy
in fungi, the process where haploid nuclei fuse to create a diploid structure just prior to meiosis
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microsporidian
single-celled eukaryotes that were once thought to only be distinctly related to fungi, 1,000 species all parasitic, mostly parasiting insects and fish, have a polar tube (penetrate cell membrane)
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polar tube
microsporidians, fungi, used to penetrate the cell membrane of their host cells, which acts as a conduit (passage) for the contents of the microsporidian to enter
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chytrid
primitive fungi, do not have chitin walls, one genus is called Rozella, are microscopic fungi, unicellular, slender non-septate hyphae, aquatic, 1,000 species. powerful decomposers against cellulose, chitin, and keratin. produce zoospores (moving spores) produce gametes, alternate between halpod and diploid forms.have flagella, maybe fungi should be in opisthokonta , can live in stomachs, paraphyletic
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zoospore
mobile, flagellated spores of chytrids
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zygomycota/zygomycete
hyphae of the two opposite mating types fuse, forming zygospore, hyphae are nonsptate in zygospores, paraphyletic, sporangium emerges from zygospore
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zygospore
zygomycota, a diploid reproductive structure fomed when hyphae of two opposite mating types fuse, has a tough outer coat, hyphae are non-septate, from this emerges a sporagnium that contains haploid spores produced by meisosis. a sporagnium and the resulting spores can also be produced asexually through mitosis
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ascomycota (sac fungi)
(sac fungi) named after the sec-like structure found at tips of hyphae where their spores are found, have acospores, ascocarps, spores are generated by sexual reproduction, not enclosed in asci. monophyletic, about 65k known species ex.lsd is isolated from ergots that infects grain "demonic possesions"
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asci
sac-like structure found at the tips of certain hyphae where their spores are contained
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ascospores
the spores egenrated from asci
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ascocarps
the fruiting bodies of ascomycota
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conidia
the sexually generated spores that aren't enclosed in asci
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basidiomycete/basidiomycota
from fruiting bodies often referred to as mushrooms, toadstools, and shelf fungi, called basidiocarps, mushrooms have very dense hyphae, many of these structures produce deadly toxins, spores are unenclosed, attached to structures called basidia, basidiospores found along the mushroom's gills or spores, basidia look like caveman clubs, for which the name, are monophyletic 30k species, smuts and ruts parasite cereal crops, known to completely digest wood and break down tough polymers
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mushrooms
basidiomycota are referred as this, the result of very dense hyphae assosiciation
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basidiocarps
another word for basidiomycota, more accurate term
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basidia
the structures the unenclosed basidiomycota spores are found attached to
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basidiospores
the actual name for basidiomycota spores, name because they're encased in basidia
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deuteromycota imperfect fungi
imperfect fungi because do not undergo sexual reproduction, ex. penicillum, reclassified with dna, many into ascomycota
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lichens intro
the result of a symbiotic relationship between lagae and fungi. usually a sac fungi and a unicellular algae, but sometimes cyanobacteria instead of algae. fungus provides support and protection for algae, algae provides food for both, some scientists believe fungi is enslaving algae because algae are ok without fungi, but fungi do much worse without algae. very resilient, can inhabit very hostile/inhospitable environments
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lichen reproduction
predominately asexual, fragments of hyphae with some algae cells are dispersed by the wind to grow in the new area, soredia. sexual reproduction via spores requires the new fungi to "steal" algae cells from other lichens
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symbiosis
mutually beneficial relationship between two unrelated species
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soredia
in lichen asexual reproduction, the fragments of hyphae with some algae cells are dispersed by the wind to grow in new areas, these fragments are soredia
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mycorrhizae
associations between fungi and plant roots, can absorb minerals and organic nutrients from the soil and pass them along to the plant, the fungus may conduct water for the plant, the plant provides carbs from photosynthesis as a food source for the fungi, includes ectomycorrhizal fungi and endomycorrhizal fungi, these associations shave been critical for plant colonization of the land since fungi could provide perhaps inaccessible nutrients
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ectomycorrhizal fungi (emf)
emf, wrap around roots but do not penetrate the plant body to a great extent, club fungi, some are sac, acquire nitrogen for plants by secreting peptides while receiving sugars from the plant
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endomycorrhizal fungi, amf, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
amf, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,genuinely penetrate into plant roots, have hasutoria hyphae, form structure called arbuscle,for nutrient damage, often zygomycetes but have own division, glomeromycota, ab 160 species. provide plants with phosphorus, important in soil formation because their cell walls are rich in glomatin, helping bind organic compounds to soil particleswhen the fungi dies
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haustoria
edonmy fungi, specialized hyphae that penetrate into plant roots
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asbuscle
endomy fungi, highly branched hyphnal strucutre in plan troots formed by haustoria for nutrient damage
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glomeromycota
ednomy fungi's (or both) own division, ab 160 species
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glomalin
endomy/amf fungi's cell wall protein, glomalin, that helps bind organic compounds to soil particles when fungi dies, important for soil formation
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endophytes
fungi that live entirely inside the plant, wether fungal or bacterial, all plants have some sort of endophyte, can be mutual, commensal, parasitic. may provide defensive compounds or increase tolerance to heat or heavy metals, usually ascomycetes
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mycosis
a fungal-based infection. amphibians fighting for their LIVES (some fungi can form parasitic and pathogenic associations)
