exam 3 (actual)

Question 1

what are the effects of media exposure on women?

Answer 1

-body dissatisfaction
-internalization of the thin ideal
-eating disorders

Question 2

what are the effects of media exposure on men?

Answer 2

-depression
-muscle dissatisfaction

Question 3

what are the media portrayals of sex?

Answer 3

-the number of shows w/ depictions or implications of sex has doubled since 1997/1998
-not many depictions of safer sex
~often shown as humiliating or humorous
~boys often shown as sexually gluttonous
~girls often shown as responsible for sexual protection

Question 4

what are the changes in media portrayals of sex?

Answer 4

-more portrayals of same-sex couples on primetime
-decrease in amount of teen sex portrayed
-slightly fewer acts of sexual aggression

Question 5

what is the relationship among adolescents, sex, & the media?

Answer 5

-spend about 7.5 hours a day consuming media
-often rely on inadequate sources of sexual health info
-media popular w/ adolescents are commonly filled w/ sexual content, very little of which is portrayed accurately
-consequences: cultivation theory & viewing large amounts of sex on tv may lead to sex at younger ages

Question 6

what are the statistics of alcohol beverage ads?

Answer 6

-in 2009, youth under 21 were exposed to 71% more ads than in 2001
-in a typical year, youth see about 67,656 more ads than adults
-teens who are regularly exposed to positive media messages about drinking are more likely to drink heavily & start drinking at an early age
-alcohol depictions in reality tv glamorize & normalize overconsuming alcohol
-people of color are disproportionately shown drinking compared to other cast members on reality tv

Question 7

why are health campaigns strategic & multifaceted?

Answer 7

-get to know the audience
-invest in infrastructure
-make healthy options accessible
-take a multimedia approach
-set clear, measurable goals

Question 8

what is to accept a behavior?

Answer 8

engage in a behavior one’s not currently engaging in

Question 9

what is to reject a behavior?

Answer 9

not engage in a behavior one’s currently not engaging in

Question 10

what is to modify a behavior?

Answer 10

replace a behavior w/ a different behavior

Question 11

what is to abandon a behavior?

Answer 11

quit a behavior on engages in

Question 12

what is a social marketing approach?

Answer 12

an approach where campaign designers apply principles of commercial advertising to prosocial campaigns, such as health-promotion efforts

Question 13

what are the components of the health belief model?

Answer 13

-perceived severity: the seriousness of consequences of a health problem
-perceived susceptibility: the assessed vulnerability to a health issue
-perceived benefits: the rewards associated w/ engaging in a health behavior to mitigate/avoid a health risk
-perceived barriers: the obstacle to engaging in a health behavior
-cues to action: a trigger/prompt for a health behavior (internal & external)

Question 14

what are gain-frame appeal messages?

Answer 14

emphasize the advantages of performing the recommended behavior

Question 15

what are loss-frame appeal messages?

Answer 15

emphasize the negative repercussions of not taking the action
-better for preventive messages
-pretty equal for promoting behaviors

Question 16

what are the components of narrative messages?

Answer 16

transportation & emotional response

Question 17

what are logical appeals?

Answer 17

attempts to demonstrate an evidentiary link between a behavior & a result

Question 18

what are novelty appeals?

Answer 18

messages that are new or different

Question 19

what are emotional appeals?

Answer 19

suggests that people feel a certain way regarding their health & their behaviors
-positive-affect appeals: a sense of accomplishment, honor, fun, happiness
-negative-affect appeals: anxiety, guilt, fear

Question 19

what is the pretest-posttest design?

Answer 19

-group 1: pretest, message, posttest
-group 2: pretest, control, posttest

Question 20

what is risk communication?

Answer 20

an ongoing process that involves disseminating information & engaging in interactive discussions about how people perceive risks & how they feel about risk messages
-more preventive

Question 21

what is crisis communication?

Answer 21

an approach used by scientists & public health professionals to provide information that allows individuals, stakeholders, & an entire community to make the best possible decisions about their well-being, under the nearly impossible time constraints, while accepting the imperfect nature of their choices

Question 22

what is the dilemma in risk communication?

Answer 22

-be open about what you know, even if you don’t have all the answers
-citizens rarely panic when they’re well informed

Question 23

what are the components of risk communication?

Answer 23

-level of hazard: the amount of damage a risk may potentially cause
-level of outrage: amount of concern the public has about a risk

Question 23

what are the challenges of risk/crisis communication?

Answer 23

-using technical jargon
-unequal comparison of risks
-expressing risk in unfamiliar magnitude (people tend to ignore denominators in ratios but people w/ low numeracy skills tend to underestimate risk when presented in percentages vs frequencies)
-contradictory messages from variety of sources

Question 24

what are threat variables?

Answer 24

-perceived susceptibility: the assessed vulnerability to a risk
-perceived severity: the seriousness of consequences of a risk

Question 25

what are efficacy variables?

Answer 25

-self-efficacy: the perception the individual has that they’re competent to perform the tasks needed to control the risk
-response efficacy: the perception the individual has that the action, if carried out, will successfully control the risk

Question 26

what is the IDEA model?

Answer 26

-focuses on how to design crisis-related risk communication
-states crisis messages are more effective in promoting the public’s understanding of the health issue & behavior intentions if it contains four components

Question 27

what are the advantages of eHealth?

Answer 27

-accessible
-lots of info available
-can be used to receive social support

Question 28

what are the disadvantages of eHealth?

Answer 28

-misinformation
-privacy concerns
-limits patient-provider interaction
-health literacy issues

Question 29

what is confirmation bias?

Answer 29

the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, & recall info in a way that confirms or supports one’s prior beliefs or values

Question 30

what are the outcomes of eHealth?

Answer 30

-80% of internet users have searched for health information online
-roughly 50% of eHealth users don’t discuss their finding online w/ their physician
-concerns w/ privacy & data usage may prevent users from seeking medical information online (uncertainty about how algorithms work, even by those who create them)

Question 31

what is mHealth?

Answer 31

-smartwatches can monitor conditions such as irregular heartbeat
-fitness tracker users are more active bc they have more interest & receive more external cues to action
-carries issue of privacy & data concerns

Question 32

when should you use an online channel?

Answer 32

-simple issues of low sensitivity
-service-related issues (bills)
-simple status reports or test results
-ongoing relationship building
-prevention campaigns/programs

Question 33

when should you use a telephone channel?

Answer 33

-issues that are too complex for email but simple enough to be handled in one conversation
-relationship building w/ known patients

Question 34

when should you use a face-to-face channel?

Answer 34

-complex or sensitive issues
-issues related to new diagnosis, treatment, important follow-up, etc
-relationship building, especially w/ new patients