Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

cmn 260 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the abstract?

A

-what you first read to see if you’re interested in reading the paper
-gives a general overview of the study & major findings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the introduction?

A

-literature review
-introduces all of the concepts including any theories (theoretical lens)
-may also propose hypotheses or research questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the methods?

A

-what the researchers did to obtain their data
-describes the participants in the study
-details research procedures
-identifies measures used
-allows for replication, which is ideal in science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the results?

A

-describes the data
-tests hypotheses/research questions
-numbers (if quantitative)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the discussion?

A

-general findings
-implications
-limitations
-future research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are implications?

A

what the researchers can learn from the study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are limitations?

A

where the researchers fell short during the study & what they still don’t know

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a p-value?

A

the probability of the result being obtained if the null hypothesis is true
-p<0.05 to reject the null hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a null hypothesis?

A

there is no association between the variables in question

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is quantitative research?

A

numerical research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is qualitative research?

A

nonnumerical
-purpose is sense-making or understanding rather than prediction or explanation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is external validity?

A

the extent to which you can generalize the findings of a study to other situations, people, settings, & measures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is internal validity?

A

the extent to which the observed results represent the truth in the population we are studying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is relational/transactional communication?

A

communicators exert mutual influence on each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is therapeutic privilege?

A

privilege sometimes granted to doctors to withhold information from patients if they feel disclosing information would do more harm than good
-bad b/c it maintains patients’ dependence to medical establishments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why might doctors partake in therapeutic privilege?

A

-afraid to share bad news
-bad news might damage doctors’ reputation
-don’t want patients to know about harmful, but rare side effects from treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is blocking?

A

when physicians block patients’ complaints & emotional disclosures
-talking down to patients
-withholding information
-dismissing their feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a transgression?

A

actions that cross the line between intimacy & professionalism
-painful & confusing results
-may results from patients’ vulnerability, their need for assurance, & the trust they place in their providers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is doorknob disclosure?

A

when patients reveal their main medical concerns when the physician is getting ready to end the interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the model of collaborative interpretation?

A

health communication is most effective when patients actualize the roles of decision-makers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the patient as a central construct?

A

the goal of patient-caregiver communication is to minimize reliance on medicine & maximize the importance of everyday health & fulfillment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the transtheoretical model?

A

a model that assesses an individual’s readiness to act on a new healthier behavior
-originally used for smoking recission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is precontemplation?

A

-people don’t intend to start the healthy behavior in the near future (within 6 months) & may be unaware of the need to change
-underestimate the pros of changing & overestimate the cons
-encourage precontemplators to become more mindful of their decision making & more conscious of the multiple benefits of changing an unhealthy behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is contemplation?

A

-individuals intend to start the healthy behavior within the next 6 months
-perceive the pros & cons similarly
-contemplate about who they could be if they changed their behavior
-encourage contemplators to work at reducing the cons of changing their behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is preparation?

A

-people are ready to start taking action within the next 30 days
-individuals take small steps towards making a health behavior
-number one concern is: when I act, will I fail?
-the better prepared they are, the more likely they are to keep progressing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is action?

A

-people have changed their behavior within the last 6 months & need to work hard to keep moving ahead
-the goal is to strengthen consistencies & resist the urge to relapse
-substitute activities related to the unhealthy behavior with positive ones
-reward yourself for taking steps toward changing
-avoid people & situations that tempt them to behave in unhealthy ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is maintenance?

A

-6 months after behavior change, people are now maintaining their healthy behavior
-important for people to be aware of situations that may tempt them to relapse
-seek support from & talk with people whom they trust & spend time with people who behave in healthy ways
-the “new normal”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the limitations of the transtheoretical model?

A

-dividing lines between stages is arbitrary
-assumes that people make coherent and stable plans when they don’t
-time spent at stages hasn’t been verified outside of smoking recission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is motivational interviewing?

A

a patient-centered process in which an interviewer helps an interviewee explore & resolve ambivalence about a decision while respecting the interviewee’s autonomy
-used to elicit behavioral change
-interviewer respectfully & non-judgementally asks questions; helps clarify interviewee’s feelings; support them in making positive choices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the voice of lifeworld?

A

a way of communicating that’s primarily concerned with health & illness as they relate to everyday experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the types of identities?

A

-personal: who am I?
-social: which societal groups do I belong to?
-tertiary: who am I due to this illness?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the role of patients?

A

-concerned with how illness affects their lifeworld
-more than just curing illness
-address impacts on all facets of daily life
-goal: return to life as usual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are the four phases of identity?

A

-supernormal identity: the person feels the illness won’t prevent them from being better than ever (denial)
-restored self: the person is less optimistic than at first, but still feels that the illness won’t significantly change them
-contingent personal identity: the person begins to see that their abilities & identity are changed because of the illness
-savage self: the stage of chronic illness during which the person integrates aspects of the former self with current limitations imposed by the illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are the social roles of patients?

A

-constrained by their social roles
-social norms & obligations are suspended
-trade-off is losing autonomy & privacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is autonomy?

A

freedom from external control or influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is patient satisfaction?

A

the extent to which patients are content with their healthcare
-patients want someone who listens & empathizes
-communication valued over technical skills
-a sense of control & dignity

37
Q

what are the most common complaints dealing with time?

A

-waiting too long in lobby
-waiting too long in exam room
-not enough time with the doctor
-doctor doesn’t answer questions & seems rushed

38
Q

what is patient cooperation?

A

how effectively patients follow medical advice
-50-60% follow through completely or most of the time
-not necessarily laziness or indifference
-reduce noncooperation by encouraging patients to ask questions & express concerns & through motivational interviewing

39
Q

how do you measure patient satisfaction?

A

-qualitative
-quantitative (standardized questionnaire- Press Ganey)

40
Q

what is informed consent?

A

the requirement that patients must be:
-fully aware of known treatment risks, benefits, & options
-deemed capable of understanding such information & making responsible decisions
-aware that they can refuse to participate or stop treatment any time

41
Q

how do you cite APA references?

A

-journals: Author(s) Last Name, First Initial.(year).Title of resource.Publisher, Volume # (Issue #) Pg-range
-books: Author(s) Last Name, First Initial.(year).Title of resource.Publisher.
-websites: Contributors’ names. (Last edited date).Title of resource. Retrieved current month day, year from Site URL or Publisher Name.

42
Q

how do you cite in-text citations?

A

-(Author’s Last Name, year)
-Author’s name (year)
-if there are two authors, use both last names
-if there are three or more, use: (First Author Last Name, year) or First author “and colleagues” (year)

43
Q

what is medical socialization?

A

the process of learning how to behave appropriately within in a specific community
-explicit
-implicit

44
Q

what is the role of providers?

A

-concerned with the voice of medicine
-restrained emotions
-accurate diagnoses & prognoses
-expedient care

45
Q

what must providers develop & maintain?

A

professional identity
-legitimate guardians of people’s health
-interdisciplinary professionals
-endure rites of passages

46
Q

what must providers navigate?

A

bureaucratic constraints
-policy changes
-time
-money
consequences:
-burnout, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, reduced sense of personal accomplishment

47
Q

what are the effects of stress & burnout?

A

lower quality of work by providers, which leads to lower patient satisfaction

48
Q

what are tips for providers for managing burnout?

A

-treat complaints as opportunities to learn & help
-invest in patients’ thoughts & feelings
-try a little humor when appropriate

49
Q

what is the multiple goals perspective?

A

interaction goals:
-identity goals: pertain to the impression you want to make about yourself or your conversational partner
-relational goals: pertain to creating or maintaining a certain relationship
-educational goals: pertain to the exchange of information
medical goals: desired outcomes to health issue

50
Q

what is uncertainty?

A

inability to make sense of, assign value to, or predict the outcomes of events because of a lack of sufficient cues

51
Q

what are the types of uncertainty?

A

ambiguity: the quality of being open to more than one interpretation
-“I asked my teacher what they thought of my paper, & they said it was interesting”
-“My doctor isn’t sure if my blood pressure dropping is good or bad”
ambivalence: the state of having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone
-“Nate is really nice to me, but I have heard others say he isn’t nice to them”
-“I’m not sure if I want to major in marketing or sociology”

52
Q

what is the continuum of certainty & uncertainty?

A

0%- certain
50%- uncertain
100%- certain

53
Q

what is the uncertainty reduction theory?

A

when interacting, people need information about the other party in order to reduce their uncertainty
-individuals are motivated to predict & explain others’ behavior; this is crucial to the development of relationships
critiques:
-theory limited to initial interactions
-inconsistent support for central tenets
-central assumption is questionable

54
Q

what are strategies to reducing uncertainty?

A

-passive: observing another person in their natural environment while being unnoticed
-active: an action to reducing uncertainties without any personal direct contact
-interactive: directly communicating with someone to reduce the uncertainty

55
Q

what is the uncertainty management theory?

A

uncertainty is a fundamental & pervasive part of the human experience
-argues drive to reduce uncertainty is only one of several possible outcomes for dealing with uncertainty
core assumptions:
-individuals experience different types of uncertainty
-individuals appraise uncertainty for meaning
-communication is a primary tool for managing uncertainty
-experiencing uncertainty isn’t always bad

56
Q

how do we manage uncertainty?

A

-avoid relevant information- direct avoidance, selective attention, withdraw/suppress
-cognitive reappraisal- reappraise (level of issue importance, desired level of uncertainty, meaning of uncertainty)
-seek social support

57
Q

what are the pros and cons of seeking social support?

A

pros:
-can help individuals feel validated
-provides a source for venting feelings
-minimize social uncertainties
cons:
-diminished feelings of control
-relational uncertainty
-additional uncertainty

58
Q

what is the intersectionality theory?

A

the idea that a person’s social position emerges within the interface of micro-level personal identities & macro-level sociocultural patterns
-no category is more important than the other
-emphasizes assumptions & generalizations have harmful outcomes
-health campaigns should target multiple identities instead of just one

59
Q

what are health inequities?

A

structural & systematic factors that put some groups at a disadvantage compared to others

60
Q

what is SES?

A

a combination of income, education, & employment level
-affects access to health care services, environmental exposure, & health behavior

61
Q

how does SES affect communication?

A

patients of low SES typically:
-ask fewer questions & reveal less about health concerns
-are less satisfied with medical care
-are less likely to benefit from written materials
-have difficulties in negotiating treatment decisions

62
Q

what is health literacy?

A

individuals’ ability to access health information, understand it, & apply it to promote good health
-50% of Americans have low health literacy

63
Q

what is heteronormativity?

A

the assumption that people’s romantic partnerships are with someone of the opposite sex
-LGBT individuals often receive substandard care: lack health information & guidance, feel less valued for who they are, & denied visiting privileges & information

64
Q

what are ageist assumptions about older people?

A

-less healthy
-less health literate
-less intelligent
-health concerns written off as unavoidable signs of old age
overaccomodation can be offensive

65
Q

what is a stereotype?

A

a fixed & oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing

66
Q

what is discrimination?

A

the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things

67
Q

what is social concordance?

A

a measure of shared attributes between physicians & patients
-those who view each other as similar have easier & more satisfactory communication
-opposite of social discordance

68
Q

what is the social accommodation theory?

A

people tend to mirror others’ communication patterns to display liking & respect
-convergence: using gestures, tone of voice, & vocabulary similarly to one’s communication patterns
-divergence: acting differently from another person

69
Q

what are healthcare disparities?

A

differences in the quality of care received by minorities & non-minorities who have
equal access to care & when there are no differences between these groups in their preferences or needs for treatment
-different from accessibility

70
Q

why are there disparities in health?

A

-the way healthcare systems are organized & operate
-patients’ attitude & behaviors
-health care providers’ biases, prejudices, & uncertainty when treating minorities

71
Q

what are the two types of bias?

A

explicit bias: bias of which people are consciously aware
-outcomes: blatant discrimination
-measure: self-report
implicit bias: bias that’s activated automatically without conscious awareness
-outcomes: subtle expressions of discrimination
-measure: implicit association test

72
Q

what is the implicit association test (IAT)?

A

aims to detect subconscious associations between mental representations of objects in memory
-limitations: internal validity & inconsistent results

73
Q

what is aversive racism?

A

a form of contemporary racism that operates unconsciously in subtle & indirect ways
-beliefs originate in childhood
-not limited to race
different from overt racism, which is characterized by hatred for & discrimination against racial/ethnic minorities

74
Q

what is social support?

A

the perception & provision of caring & being cared for
-perceived support: the perception of caring/being cared for
-enacted support: the act of caring/being cared for

75
Q

what are the 5 support types?

A

-instrumental: sharing tasks & resources
-informational: seeking & sharing information
-network: connecting people to others (support groups: groups of people with similar concerns who meet to share their feelings & experiences)
-emotional: comforting someone in distress
-esteem: helping someone feel valued & competent

76
Q

what is the stress-buffering hypothesis?

A

social support can shield the negative effects of stress
-any type of support is effective
-bad event > high stress> social support > lowered stress

77
Q

what is the main-effect model?

A

social support has positive outcomes, regardless if stressors exist or not

78
Q

what is the optimal matching model?

A

people benefit most when they get the type of support that fits the situation

79
Q

what are support gaps?

A

the best outcomes are thought to result when the quantity of received support matches the quantity of desired support
-support deficit: received support < desired support
-support surplus: received support > desired support
oversupport: overhelping, overinforming, overemphasizing
emotional contagion

80
Q

how does social support relate to health?

A

-social support heals indirectly by reducing stress
-social support heals directly by targeting specific health outcomes

81
Q

what is pain catastrophizing?

A

exaggerated negative appraisals of painful stimuli

82
Q

how does one give emotionally supportive messages?

A

-acknowledgment: how precisely does a message label negative emotions? (“I know that you’re upset”)
-validation: to what extent does a message acknowledge that emotions are understandable or justified? (“I understand why you feel that way”)
-verbal reappraisal incentive: does a message encourage people to look forward to a positive future? (“Things will get better”)

83
Q

what is stigma?

A

negative attitudes held about individuals who are perceived to possess a trait deemed negative by the community at large, as well as those with whom these individuals are associated
-always negatively valenced (no positive stigma)

84
Q

what are the 3 extensions of stigma?

A

-social consensus: who is stigmatized for what traits depend on time, location, & political climate
-perceived stigmatized trait: people can have a trait but not be stigmatized for it or people can’t have a trait but be stigmatized for it anyway
-transferred stigma: stigma not only affects individuals but also those they associate with (courtesy stigma)

85
Q

why do we stigmatize?

A

-to distinguish themselves
-to protect themselves
-people may have trouble differentiating the person from their stigmatized trait
identity engulfment: defining a person first & foremost by their stigmatized trait

86
Q

what are social sanctions?

A

-negative social sanctions: punishing behaviors in response to others’ expressed undesirable beliefs, attitudes, behaviors, or personal qualities
-positive social sanctions: rewarding behaviors

87
Q

what are the outcomes of stigmatizing behaviors?

A

-poor patient-provider relationships
-worse health outcomes
-lawsuits

88
Q

what are the implications for health care personnel?

A

-avoid irrational fears of contagion
-be aware of nonverbals
-training for non-clinal personnel

cmn 260 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions