exam 2 Flashcards
what is the abstract?
-what you first read to see if you’re interested in reading the paper
-gives a general overview of the study & major findings
what is the introduction?
-literature review
-introduces all of the concepts including any theories (theoretical lens)
-may also propose hypotheses or research questions
what is the methods?
-what the researchers did to obtain their data
-describes the participants in the study
-details research procedures
-identifies measures used
-allows for replication, which is ideal in science
what is the results?
-describes the data
-tests hypotheses/research questions
-numbers (if quantitative)
what is the discussion?
-general findings
-implications
-limitations
-future research
what are implications?
what the researchers can learn from the study
what are limitations?
where the researchers fell short during the study & what they still don’t know
what is a p-value?
the probability of the result being obtained if the null hypothesis is true
-p<0.05 to reject the null hypothesis
what is a null hypothesis?
there is no association between the variables in question
what is quantitative research?
numerical research
what is qualitative research?
nonnumerical
-purpose is sense-making or understanding rather than prediction or explanation
what is external validity?
the extent to which you can generalize the findings of a study to other situations, people, settings, & measures
what is internal validity?
the extent to which the observed results represent the truth in the population we are studying
what is relational/transactional communication?
communicators exert mutual influence on each other
what is therapeutic privilege?
privilege sometimes granted to doctors to withhold information from patients if they feel disclosing information would do more harm than good
-bad b/c it maintains patients’ dependence to medical establishments
why might doctors partake in therapeutic privilege?
-afraid to share bad news
-bad news might damage doctors’ reputation
-don’t want patients to know about harmful, but rare side effects from treatment
what is blocking?
when physicians block patients’ complaints & emotional disclosures
-talking down to patients
-withholding information
-dismissing their feelings
what is a transgression?
actions that cross the line between intimacy & professionalism
-painful & confusing results
-may results from patients’ vulnerability, their need for assurance, & the trust they place in their providers
what is doorknob disclosure?
when patients reveal their main medical concerns when the physician is getting ready to end the interaction
what is the model of collaborative interpretation?
health communication is most effective when patients actualize the roles of decision-makers
what is the patient as a central construct?
the goal of patient-caregiver communication is to minimize reliance on medicine & maximize the importance of everyday health & fulfillment
what is the transtheoretical model?
a model that assesses an individual’s readiness to act on a new healthier behavior
-originally used for smoking recission
what is precontemplation?
-people don’t intend to start the healthy behavior in the near future (within 6 months) & may be unaware of the need to change
-underestimate the pros of changing & overestimate the cons
-encourage precontemplators to become more mindful of their decision making & more conscious of the multiple benefits of changing an unhealthy behavior
what is contemplation?
-individuals intend to start the healthy behavior within the next 6 months
-perceive the pros & cons similarly
-contemplate about who they could be if they changed their behavior
-encourage contemplators to work at reducing the cons of changing their behavior
what is preparation?
-people are ready to start taking action within the next 30 days
-individuals take small steps towards making a health behavior
-number one concern is: when I act, will I fail?
-the better prepared they are, the more likely they are to keep progressing
what is action?
-people have changed their behavior within the last 6 months & need to work hard to keep moving ahead
-the goal is to strengthen consistencies & resist the urge to relapse
-substitute activities related to the unhealthy behavior with positive ones
-reward yourself for taking steps toward changing
-avoid people & situations that tempt them to behave in unhealthy ways
what is maintenance?
-6 months after behavior change, people are now maintaining their healthy behavior
-important for people to be aware of situations that may tempt them to relapse
-seek support from & talk with people whom they trust & spend time with people who behave in healthy ways
-the “new normal”
what are the limitations of the transtheoretical model?
-dividing lines between stages is arbitrary
-assumes that people make coherent and stable plans when they don’t
-time spent at stages hasn’t been verified outside of smoking recission
what is motivational interviewing?
a patient-centered process in which an interviewer helps an interviewee explore & resolve ambivalence about a decision while respecting the interviewee’s autonomy
-used to elicit behavioral change
-interviewer respectfully & non-judgementally asks questions; helps clarify interviewee’s feelings; support them in making positive choices
what is the voice of lifeworld?
a way of communicating that’s primarily concerned with health & illness as they relate to everyday experiences
what are the types of identities?
-personal: who am I?
-social: which societal groups do I belong to?
-tertiary: who am I due to this illness?
what is the role of patients?
-concerned with how illness affects their lifeworld
-more than just curing illness
-address impacts on all facets of daily life
-goal: return to life as usual
what are the four phases of identity?
-supernormal identity: the person feels the illness won’t prevent them from being better than ever (denial)
-restored self: the person is less optimistic than at first, but still feels that the illness won’t significantly change them
-contingent personal identity: the person begins to see that their abilities & identity are changed because of the illness
-savage self: the stage of chronic illness during which the person integrates aspects of the former self with current limitations imposed by the illness
what are the social roles of patients?
-constrained by their social roles
-social norms & obligations are suspended
-trade-off is losing autonomy & privacy
what is autonomy?
freedom from external control or influence