exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is mass communication?

A

the dissemination of messages from one person or group to large numbers of people via media including tv, radio, computers, newspapers, magazines, billboards, video games, etc

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2
Q

what is the cultivation theory?

A

regular exposure to media affects attitudes, beliefs, & judgments of reality
-media has the greatest impact on people’s belief when messages are consistent, people consume large amounts of media, & people have limited knowledge about the topic

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3
Q

what is the third-person effect?

A

the perception that one is less susceptible to the effects of media portrayals than others

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4
Q

what is the social cognitive theory?

A

knowledge acquisition is acquired by observing others
-people observe others perform behaviors & experience the rewards or punishments of that behavior
-observing others guides an individual’s future behavior
-media may guide one’s understanding of relationships & social norms

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5
Q

what is the agenda-setting theory?

A

attention given to issues by the media influences the public’s perceptions of the importance of issues
-news media sets the agenda
-media tells us what to think about but not how to think
-more macro-level

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6
Q

what is framing?

A

suggests that media not only sets an agenda but also selects, emphasizes, excludes, & elaborates on particular elements of a news story
-information on a more micro-level

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7
Q

what is pathologizing the human body?

A

making natural functions seem weird & unnatural

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8
Q

what is the internalization of the thin ideal?

A

the extent to which an individual cognitively “buys into” socially defined ideals of attractiveness & engages in behaviors designed to produce an approximation of these ideals

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9
Q

what are the effects of media & body image on women?

A

-internalization of the thin ideal
-body dissatisfaction & eating disorders

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10
Q

what are the effects of media & body image on men?

A

males exposed to ideal body images are likely to be depressed & have muscle dissatisfaction

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11
Q

what are the media portrayals of sex?

A

-the number of shows w/ depictions or implications of sex has doubled since 1997/1998
-not a lot of depictions of safer sex:
~often shown as humiliating or humorous
~boys often shown as sexually gluttonous
~girls often shown as responsible for sexual protection

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12
Q

what are the changes in media portrayals of sex?

A

-more portrayals of same-sex couples on prime time
-decrease in the amount of teen sex portrayed
-slightly fewer acts of sexual aggression

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13
Q

what is the relationship between adolescents, sex, & the media?

A

-as of 2010, adolescents aged 15-18 spend about 7.5 hours a day on media
-adolescents often rely on inadequate sources of sexual health info
-media popular w/ adolescents is commonly filled w/ sexual content, very little which is portrayed accurately
-consequences: cultivation theory & viewing large amounts of sex on tv may lead to adolescents having sex at a younger age

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14
Q

what are statistics about alcohol beverage ads?

A

-in 2009, youth aged 21 & under were exposed to 71% more alcohol ads than in 2001
-in a typical year, youth see an estimated 67,656 more alcohol ads than adults
-teens who are regularly exposed to positive media messages about drinking are more likely to drink heavily & start drinking at an early age
-alcohol depictions in reality tv glamorize & normalize over-consuming alcohol
-people of color are disproportionately shown drinking compared to other cast members on reality tv

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15
Q

what is entertainment education?

A

the intentional placement of educational content in entertainment messages
-transportation & identification

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16
Q

what is transportation?

A

convergent process, where all mental systems & capacities become focused on events occurring in the narrative
-more susceptible to persuasive messages

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17
Q

what is identification?

A

the emotional & cognitive process by which a viewer takes on the role of a character in the narrative
-if you identify w/ a character, you’re more likely to feel good when something good happens to them, bad when something bad happens to them, & are more likely to uphold the attitudes they have

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18
Q

what are health promotion campaigns?

A

systematic efforts to influence people to engage in health-enhancing behaviors; may involve the use of many communication channels, from face-to-face communication to mass media

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19
Q

what are health prevention campaigns?

A

systematic efforts to influence people to engage in preventive behaviors or reject an undesirable behavior

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20
Q

what are the aspects of exemplary campaigns?

A

-get to know the audience
-invest in communication infrastructures
-make healthy options available
-take a multimedia approach
-set clear goals & measure your success

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21
Q

how do you plan a health campaign?

A

-come up w/ a behavior you want the audience to accept, reject, modify, or abandon
-identify a priority audience that can benefit the most from the campaign
-understand the channels you’ll use to disseminate the carefully crafted messages to the priority audience
-evaluate the success of the campaign & make changes accordingly

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22
Q

what is to accept?

A

to engage in a behavior someone’s not currently engaging in

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23
Q

what is to reject?

A

to not engage in a behavior someone is currently not engaging in (preventive)

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24
Q

what is to modify?

A

replacing a behavior w/ a different behavior

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25
Q

what is to abandon?

A

quitting an undesirable behavior

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26
Q

what is the first step in designing a health campaign?

A

defining the situation & potential benefits
-What do you want people to do?
-How does the behavior benefit people?
-Who currently participates in the behavior? Why?
-Who doesn’t currently participate in the behavior? Why?

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27
Q

what is the second step in designing a health campaign?

A

analyzing & segmenting the audience
-What methods can I use to learn about my audience?
~questionnaires, focus groups, interviews

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28
Q

what is segmenting the audience?

A

identify specific groups who are alike in important ways & whose involvement is important to the purpose of the campaign

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29
Q

what are questionnaires?

A

a set of printed or written questions w/ a choice of answers, devised for the purposes of a survey or statistical study

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30
Q

what are focus groups?

A

a small number of people who respond to questions posed by a moderator

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31
Q

what is the third step in designing a health campaign?

A

establishing campaign goals & objectives
-What exactly do we want people to start/stop/continue doing?
-When & for how long should people perform this health behavior to experience health benefits?
-How will we know if our campaign is successful?

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32
Q

what are objectives?

A

clear & measurable terms that state exactly what a campaign’s designers hope to achieve

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33
Q

what is the fourth step in designing a health campaign?

A

selecting channels of communication

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34
Q

what is a channel?

A

a means of communicating information, either directly (in person) or indirectly (via technology)
-characteristics: reach, specificity, impact

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35
Q

what is reach?

A

the number of people who will be exposed to a message via a particular channel

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36
Q

what is specificity?

A

how accurately the message can be targeted to a specific group of people

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37
Q

what is impact?

A

how influential a message is likely to be

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38
Q

what is the elaboration likelihood model?

A

a dual-process model aimed to describe how individuals process messages & change attitudes
-central & peripheral route
-which route one takes when presented information is based on one’s motivation to think critically about the information presented & one’s ability (relevant knowledge, time, & resources) to process an argument

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39
Q

what is the central route?

A

careful & thoughtful consideration of the true logic of the information presented
-longer lasting & more likely to lead to attitude change

40
Q

what is the peripheral route?

A

relies on positive or negative cues & is unrelated to logic

41
Q

what is the health belief model?

A

explains what motivates individuals to engage in a health behavior
-perceived severity, susceptibility, benefits, barriers, & cues to action

42
Q

what is perceived severity?

A

the seriousness of consequences of a health problem

43
Q

what is perceived susceptibility?

A

the assessed vulnerability to a health issue

44
Q

what are perceived benefits?

A

the rewards associated w/ engaging in a health behavior to avoid a health risk

45
Q

what are perceived barriers?

A

the obstacle to engaging in a health behavior

46
Q

what are cues to action?

A

a trigger or prompt for a health behavior
-internal cue: internal stimulus (pain, craving, emotion)
-external cue: external stimulus (alarm clock, text reminder, friend reminding you)

47
Q

what is the theory of planned behavior?

A

states the best predictor of behavior is behavioral intentions, which are predicted by three constructs:
-attitudes towards a behavior- perceived cognitive & affective outcomes of performing a behavior
-social norms- perceived pressure from relevant others whether a behavior should or shouldn’t be performed
-perceived behavioral control- the perceived ease of difficulty of performing a particular behavior

48
Q

what is the fifth step in designing campaign messages?

A

designing campaign messages
-message framing & narrative messages

49
Q

what are the two types of message framing?

A

gain-frame appeal & loss-frame appeal

50
Q

what is gain-frame appeal?

A

a message that emphasizes the advantages of performing the recommended behavior

51
Q

what is loss-frame appeal?

A

a message that emphasizes the negative repercussions of not taking action
-better for preventive measures but pretty equal for promoting behaviors

52
Q

how is a narrative’s persuasiveness measured for narrative messages?

A

transportation & emotional response
-the more transported & emotionally affected people are by a story, the more likely they’re persuaded by it

53
Q

what is transportation?

A

describes how much attention people pay to a story, how involved they are w/ the story’s characters, & how immersed they’re in the story’s imaginary world

54
Q

what is emotional response?

A

describes how strongly a story affects people as well as people’s emotional engagement w/ the story &/or characters

55
Q

what is logical appeal?

A

attempts to demonstrate an evidentiary link between a behavior & a result

56
Q

what is an emotional appeal?

A

suggests that people feel a certain way regarding their health & their behaviors
-positive- & negative-affect appeals

57
Q

what are positive-affect appeals?

A

positive emotional rewards in the form of popularity, a sense of accomplishment, honor, fun, happiness, & so on

58
Q

what are negative-affect appeals?

A

attempt to motivate people by making them feel anxious, guilty, or fearful

59
Q

what is the extended parallel process model?

A

states that two components predict an individual’s response to a fear message
-the first component evaluates the threat while the second speaks to efficacy
-predicts three possible outputs after the fear appraisal is carried out: danger control, fear control, & no response

60
Q

what are threat variables?

A

-perceived susceptibility: the assessed vulnerability to a risk
-perceived severity: the seriousness of consequences of a risk

61
Q

what are efficacy variables?

A

-self-efficacy: the perception the individual has that they’re competent to perform the tasks needed to control the risk
-response efficacy: the perception the individual has that the action, if carried out, will successfully control the risk

62
Q

what is danger control?

A

when an individual perceives high severity & susceptibility & has high efficacy, they’re likely to act to control the danger

63
Q

what is fear control?

A

if efficacy is low, even if the severity & susceptibility are perceived as high, individuals will seek to control their fear instead through coping mechanisms

64
Q

what is no response?

A

if perceived severity or susceptibility is low, the individual rejects the message & doesn’t take action

65
Q

what are novel messages?

A

messages that are new or different

66
Q

what is the sixth step in designing a health campaign?

A

piloting & implementing the campaign
-pilot test on a small number of priority audience members & negotiate w/ gatekeepers

67
Q

what is piloting?

A

selecting members from the priority audience to review the campaign materials & comment on them

68
Q

what are gatekeepers?

A

people in the media & the community who decide what information will be publicized & how

69
Q

what is the seventh step in designing a health campaign?

A

evaluating & maintaining the campaign
-consider using a pretest-posttest design to measure the effectiveness of your intervention/message

70
Q

what is a pretest-posttest design?

A

measurements taken both before & after exposure to campaign messages; comparing the results determines if or how the audience’s knowledge, intentions, or behaviors may have changed as a result of the campaign
-group 1: pretest, message, posttest
-group 2: pretest, control, posttest

71
Q

what are efficacy studies?

A

determine whether an intervention produces the expected result under ideal circumstances (eg in a lab)

72
Q

what are effectiveness studies?

A

measure the degree of beneficial effect under “real world” clinical settings

73
Q

what is public health?

A

about ensuring the well-being of entire communities
-involves thousands of agencies operating at local, national, & international levels (WHO & CDC)
-involves tracking health in communities, as well as attempting to encourage healthier public
-epidemiology (disease tracking & contagion) & behavioral health (risk & crisis communication)
-health promotion & health emergencies

74
Q

what is risk communication?

A

an ongoing process that involves disseminating information & engaging in interactive discussions about how people perceive risks & how they feel about risk messages
-more preventive

75
Q

what are the components of risk communication?

A

-level of hazard: the amount of damage a risk may potentially cause
-level of outrage” amount of concern the public has about a risk

76
Q

what is the dilemma in risk communication?

A

-be open about what you know even if you don’t have all the answers
-citizens rarely panic when they’re well informed, or at least, they panic less when they’re informed

77
Q

what are the three traditions in risk communication?

A

-helping people who are insufficiently concerned to see the severity of the problem
-reassuring & calming people who are excessively concerned
-working w/ people who are appropriately concerned to help them cope

78
Q

what is crisis communication?

A

an approach used by scientists & public health professionals to provide information that allows individuals, stakeholders, or an entire community to make the best possible decisions about their well-being, under nearly impossible time constraints, while accepting the imperfect nature of their choices

79
Q

what is the difference between crisis & risk communication?

A

crisis communication deals w/ things that do go wrong & risk communication deals w/ things that might go wrong

80
Q

what are the four challenges?

A

-using technical jargon
-unequal comparison of risks
-expressing risk in unfamiliar magnitude
~people tend to ignore the denominator in ratios but people w/ low numeracy skills tend to underestimate risk when presented in percentages compared to frequencies
-contradictory messages from variety of sources

81
Q

what is the social norms theory?

A

social norms are often divided into two categories:
-descriptive norms: one’s perception on whether others are or aren’t engaging in a behavior that others are normally doing
-injunctive norms: one’s perception on whether others would expect one to engage or not engage in a behavior

82
Q

what is the IDEA model?

A

states that crisis messages are more effective in promoting public’s understandings of the health issue & behavioral intentions if it contains four components; focuses on how to design crisis-related risk communication

83
Q

what are the four components of the IDEA model?

A

-internalization: the process whereby people process risk messages based on personal relevance, proximity to the risk, potential impact, & timeliness
-distribution: channels for sharing information, such as tv, radio, newspapers, the internet, & social media
-explanation: reflects the quality of a message, its accuracy, the credibility of its source, & how easily its understood by the public
-action: the specific steps people might take in an emergency

84
Q

what is eHealth?

A

the use of technology to transcend geographical distance in promoting good health

85
Q

what are the advantages of eHealth?

A

-accessible
-lots of information available
-can be used to receive social support

86
Q

what are the disadvantages of eHealth?

A

-misinformation
-privacy concerns
-health literacy issues
-limits patient-provider interaction

87
Q

what is confirmation bias?

A

the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, & recall information in a way that confirms or supports one’s prior beliefs/values

88
Q

what are the outcomes of eHealth?

A

-80% of internet users have searched for online health info
-about 50% of eHealth users don’t discuss their findings online w/ their physician
-concerns w/ privacy & data usage may prevent users from seeking online medical info
~uncertainty about how algorithms work, even by those who create them

89
Q

what is mHealth?

A

the use of devices such as smartwatches, mobile phones, tablet computers, & personal digital assistants for health purposes
-part of eHealth
-smartwatches can monitor conditions such as irregular heartbeat
-fitness trackers are great ways of measuring physical activity
-issue of privacy & data concerns

90
Q

why are individuals who use fitness trackers more active than those who don’t use fitness trackers?

A

they have more interest & receive more external cues to action

91
Q

what is telehealth?

A

using technology to facilitate long-distance health care, education, administrative teamwork, & disaster responses
-most popular among young & affluent patients & those who have chronic conditions

92
Q

what is telemedicine?

A

subset of telehealth that specifically involves offering clinical services to patients at a distance, usually through the use of teleconference exams & shared diagnostic data, but also via phone & computer-mediated conversations

93
Q

what is a patient portal?

A

password-protected websites, usually sponsored by people’s physicians or hospitals, where patients can view their medical records, make appointments & more

94
Q

what is the information sufficiency model?

A

the amount of information a person needs in order to feel capable of coping w/ & understanding a threatening issue
-How much information do I need to cope?
-you’ll still seek information until you’ve reached this threshold

95
Q

what is the health information acquisition model?

A

the notion that people are motivated to seek information under specific conditions: when something calls their attention to a concern, they don’t think they’re well informed, it seems important to find out soon, & they think they’ll be able to find trustworthy & useful information
-states that there’s more than just uncertainty factoring into information seeking

96
Q

what is the theory of motivated information management?

A

the idea that people seek information depending on their perceived need for it, their coping ability, & the channel in which the information is conveyed
-coping confidence
-Am I ready to find out?
-addresses why people want health information & how