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Evolution > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three rules for evolutionary independence

A
  1. broken into two populations
  2. genetic divergence
  3. reproductive isolation
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2
Q

when 2 species diverge in different geographic areas

A

allopatric speciation

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3
Q

when 2 species diverge from within the same population in one geographic area

A

sympatric speciation

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4
Q

study of past and present animal and plant distributions and diversity

A

biogeography

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5
Q

what are things that can contribute to sympatric speciation

A

genetic divergence
strong disruptive selection
behavioral isolation

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6
Q

chromosomes do not move to the correct sides of the cell like they should

A

nondisjunction event

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7
Q

What does this result in:

  1. nondisjunction event occurs
  2. self fertilization occurs
A

autopolyploidy

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8
Q

What does this result in:

  1. hybridization
  2. nondisjunction event occurs
  3. self fertilization/inbreeding
A

allopolyploidy

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9
Q

what are the two outcomes of secondary contact after a species has gone through speciation

A

fail to hybridize or hybridize

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10
Q

mechanisms that impede gene flow between divergent populations

A

isolating mechanisms (pre/postzygotic)

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11
Q

fitness of the hybrid is less than that of the parent

A

reinforcement

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12
Q

what happens when the hybrid’s fitness is greater than the parent’s fitness

A

coalescence or the extinction of one or more parent

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13
Q

what happens when the parent’s fitness is greater than the fitness of hybrid

A

a stable hybrid zone or new species

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14
Q

why does evolution after isolation occur faster in sympatry

A

because the animals are in the same geographic areas consistently

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15
Q

evolution that works within a population

A

microevolution

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16
Q

evolution that acts at or above species

A

macroevolution

17
Q

phylogenies show relationships among taxa based on common ancestry

A

truth truth truth

18
Q

similar traits due to common ancestry

A

homology

19
Q

group of taxa that share a common ancestor

A

monophyly

20
Q

unique trait shared by taxa due to common ancestry

A

synapomorphy

21
Q

what are the three main species concepts

A

morphospecies
biological
phylogenetic

22
Q

Which species concept is this:

evolutionarily independent species identified by morphological features

A

morphospecies

23
Q

what are disadvantages of morphospecies

A

features used are subjective
single locus traits
cannot identify cryptic species

24
Q

when is it not good to use morphospecies concept

A

when their are many different polymorphs in a population

25
Q

Which species concept is this:

populations are evolutionarily independent if reproductively isolated from each other

A

biological species concept

26
Q

what are the disadvantages to the biological species concept

A

reproductive isolation can’t be seen in fossils, asexual species, or geographically isolated

27
Q

Which species concept is this:
smallest distinguishable clade on a phylogenetic tree
identified by synapomorphies and evolutionary history

A

phylogenetic species concept

28
Q

what are the disadvantages of phylogenetics

A

only available for a small population

genetic difference can lead to a bunch of different species

29
Q

single species rapidly evolves into a large number of descendent species that occupy a variety of ecological niches
-outcome of speciation events

A

adaptive radiation

30
Q

why is adaptive radiation more common on islands

A

because they are new and often empty ecological niches

31
Q

what three ecological opportunities trigger adaptive radiation

A

colonization
extinction
morphological innovation

32
Q

the earlier an organism arrives to a habitat the greater diversification they they have

A

true

33
Q

organisms don’t change morphologically or ecologically

A

stasis

34
Q 
Shared derived traits of who:
no tail
relatively erect posture
flexibility of hips, wrist, thumb 
structure of arm/shoulder
A

hominidae

35
Q

transitional from monkeys to humans

A

graecopithecus

36
Q

why does small size suffice on small islands

A

because there are little to no predators

Evolution (3 decks)

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