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Evolution > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what happens to allele frequencies in hardy weinberg

A

they do not change

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2
Q

alleles that don’t code for anything, but mark and distinguish different DNA regions

A

genetic markers

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3
Q

number of alleles in pop

A

allelic diversity

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4
Q

proportion of each allele

A

allele frequency

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5
Q

what are the 5 assumptions for hardy weinberg to be true

A 
no selection
no genetic drift
no mutation
no migration
random mating
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6
Q

what is the field focused on the calculation of genotype frequencies

A

population genetics

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7
Q

define evolution

A

change in genetic composition or allele frequency of a population over time

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8
Q

do natural selection and evolution mean the same thing?

natural selection is a ______ of evolution

A

no

mechanism

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9
Q

why is extinction important for evolution

A

determine which population persists

adaptive radiation of other taxa

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10
Q

which early evolutionary biologist believed that lower life forms became higher and that adaptive nongenetic changes and animal acquired due to its environment could be passed to offspring
also said that species were not fixed

A

Lamarck

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11
Q

who modeled their studies off of Darwin and described a similar mechanism of evolution

A

alfred russel wallace

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12
Q

which scientist stated that an increase in the human population is limited by the availability of sustenance
only those who could adapt to society’s needs for useful work would be successful and reproduce

A

thomas malthus

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13
Q

who said that the earth was millions of years old

darwin’s mentor

A

lyell

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14
Q

when was evoltuion widely accepted

A

1930s

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15
Q

an explanation that can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena

A

theory

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16
Q

who was one of the founders of evolutionary biology

A

theodosius dobzhansky

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17
Q

who first proposed that populations change over time

A

georges buffon

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18
Q

define macroevolution

where is it seen

A

changes in phenotype that occur over long periods of time

between species or fossils

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19
Q

define microevolution

A

change in phenotype over a short period of time and normally happens within our lifetime

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20
Q

how do you study macroevolution?

micro?

A

fossils and phylogeny reconstruction

present day processes leading to genetic change, look at genetic data

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21
Q

which evolution provides and easier way to see changes

A

macro

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22
Q

what topics does macroevolution focus on

A

common ancestry
vestigial structures
fossils

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23
Q

what allows us to document earth’s timeline

A

fossils

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24
Q

why are there gaps in the fossil record (3)

is this evidence against evolution

A

few org fossilize
most fossils destroyed
most aren’t found
No, bc gaps are expected

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25
Q

the tree of life is a ____ of evolution

A

product

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26
Q

define artiodactyla

A

even-toed hooved mammals

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27
Q

what animals fall under cetacea

A

whales and dolphins

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28
Q

reduced or incompletely developed structure in an organism with reduced or no function

A

vestigial structure

29
Q

what is the problem with looking at vestigial structures in fossils

A

we do not know their function or if they were actually used

30
Q

what are the three types of vestigial traits

A

physical structures
developmental structures
molecular traits

31
Q

define vestigial developmental structures

A

only present during developmental stages

32
Q

accidental retainment of a structure from development to adulthood

A

avatism

33
Q

molecular vestigial structures are known as _____ because the gene exist in the genome but has undergone a base pair change making it non-functional

A

pseudogene

34
Q

trait shared due to common ancestry

A

homology

35
Q

what are the two types of homology

A

physical structures and molecular

36
Q

single species in which we can see changes in a population over time such that they can’t interbreed

A

ring species

37
Q

modifies allele frequencies by introducing new alleles

A

mutation

38
Q

increases the freq of alleles that contribute to reproductive success in a particular environ

A

natural selection

39
Q

random fluctuations in allele freq (could be gain or loss)

A

genetic drift

40
Q

individuals leave one population, join another, & breed which equalizes allele freq

A

gene flow

41
Q

what are the 4 requirements for natural selection

A

traits vary
some of the traits are heritable
differences in survival or reproduction
indiv with heritable traits survive and reproduce more (have a greater fitness)

42
Q

what is the currency of natural selection

A

fitness

43
Q

trait evolved by natural selection w/ functional role & increases fitness

A

adaptation

44
Q

natural selection is completely _____ and non _____

A

mechanical; random

45
Q

natural selection only includes survival until ______ and it acts on an _______ with the change manifesting itself within the ______

A

reproduction
individual
population

46
Q

does natural selection work on genotype or phenotype

A

phenotype

47
Q

different alleles coding for similar traits in separate evolutionary lineages

A

convergent evolution

48
Q

type of selection that favors one extreme phenotype

A

directional selection

49
Q

is directional selection linear or nonlinear

A

linear

50
Q

selection in which the extremes are favored and the intermediate phenotype has low fitness

A

disruptive selection

51
Q

is disruptive selection linear or nonlinear

A

nonlinear, it’s quadratic

52
Q

selection in which the intermediate phenotype is favored and the extremes are selected against

A

stabilizing selection

53
Q

is stabilizing selection linear or nonlinear

A

nonlinear

54
Q

which mechanisms of selection have a change in variance

A

disruptive and stabilizing

55
Q

what are the 3 main types of genetic drift

A

random sampling reproduction in small populations
bottleneck effect
founder event

56
Q

drastic reduction in a population

A

bottleneck effect

57
Q

few indiv start a new pop w/ a diff allele freq than the original pop

A

founder effect

58
Q

is there genetic drift in larger populations

A

no or very very little that takes a lot longer

59
Q

under genetic drift, probability of an allele’s ______ is equal to starting allele frequency

A

fixation

60
Q

in general genetic drift ______ genetic variation

A

decreases

61
Q

the northern sea elephant went through what type of genetic drift due to severe overhunting

A

bottleneck effect

62
Q

what three main mechanism of evolution can be found on islands

A

genetic drift
gene flow
natural selection

63
Q

four sources of mutation

A

replication errors
dna damage
unequal recombination and arrangement
transposable elements

64
Q

most mutations have a _____ effect and if the effects are _____ they’re usually deleterious

A

small

large

65
Q

mutations have an ______ likelihood of being beneficial or deleterious

A

equal

66
Q

group of taxa that share a common ancestor

A

monophyly

67
Q

unique trait shared by taxa due to common ancestry

A

synapomorphy

68
Q

homoplasy should be ___ common than homologous traits

A

less

69
Q

trait found in closely related taxa but also in others with a shared ancestor who had the trait

A

sympleisomorphy

Evolution (3 decks)

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