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Evolution > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what two things do not maintain genetic variation

A

selection

drift

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2
Q

what maintains genetic variation as natural selection decreases

A

migration-selection balance

mutation-selection balance

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3
Q

what maintains genetic variation as natural selection increases

A

heterozygote advantage
frequency-dependent selection
fluctuating selection coefficient

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4
Q

mixing of two good strains of DNA

A

hybrid vigor

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5
Q

heterozygote advantage _____ variation and leads to a ____ genetic polymorphism

A

maintain

stable

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6
Q

decreases genetic variation
unstable equilibrium
drives alleles to be fixed

A

heterozygote disadvantage

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7
Q

which allele wins in the heterozygote disadvantage

A

the most common

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8
Q

relative fitness depends on the frequency of the genotypes themselves

A

frequency dependent selection

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9
Q

fitness increases as a genotype becomes rare

A

negative frequency dependence

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10
Q

fitness increases as a genotype becomes common

A

positive frequency dependency

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11
Q

what is an example of negative frequency dependency (2)

A

predation

sex ratio

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12
Q

what is an example of positive frequency dependency

A

pollinators

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13
Q

fitness isn’t constant over time

A

fluctuating selection coefficients

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14
Q

how are fluctuating selection coefficients different from frequency dependent selection

A

because things are not fluctuating because freq but bc of an external factor

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15
Q

multiple phenotypes arise from the same genotype

A

polyphenism or phenotypic plasticity

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16
Q

multiple phenotype in the same populations

A

polymorphism

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17
Q

multiple loci affect the same trait

A

polygenic

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18
Q

what causes differences in phenotype: nature or nurture

A

both

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19
Q

natural selection acts on phenotypes

A

true

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20
Q

process that requires a fertilization event in which two gametes unite

A

sexual reproduction

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21
Q

process of reproduction where offspring are produced from a single parent and offspring are nearly identical gentic copies of parent

A

asexual reproduction

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22
Q

is asexual reproduction an ancestral trait of all organisms

A

yup

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23
Q

what are the 3 theories for the advantage of sexual reproduction

A

-speed rate of adaption
allows adaption to changing environment
prevent mutational deterioration

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24
Q

common asexual genotypes show ______ parasite infection rate

A

higher

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25
Q

removal of deleterious mutations is called

what size population does it work in an why

A

muller’s ratchet

small because of genetic drift

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26
Q

selection for traits that lead one sex maximize its mating success

A

sexual selection

27
Q

based on bateman-trivers theory maximum number of offspring is lmtd by _____ in males and _____ females

A

number of females he can mate with

number of eggs she can produce

28
Q

males and females have different potential for repoductive success

A

differential reproductive success

29
Q

male with more than one female mate

A

polygyny

30
Q

females with more than one male mate

A

polandry

31
Q

higher opportunity for mating success leads to a ____ selection for sexual dimorphism

A

greater

32
Q

what are the four reasons for sexual selection

A

fundamental asymmetry in parental investment
difference in variance in reproductive success
selection acts on fitness variance
phenotypic consequence is sexual dimorphism

33
Q

males strive against each other
leads to evolution of armaments
increases access to females

A

intrasexual selection

34
Q

females mates non-randomly due to preference for male traits

leads to evolution of male ornaments

A

intersexual selection

35
Q

sex subject to strong selection will ______ and those subject to weaker sexual selection will be _____

A

compete for mates

choosy

36
Q

what are alternate strategies for intrasexual selection

A

sneaker males
she male garters
cheating

37
Q

examples of intrasexual selection DURING mating

A

speedier sperms
sperm hooks
cloaca pecking
infantacide

38
Q

examples of intrasexual selection POST mating

A

sperm plugs
mate guarding
amplexus

39
Q

what are the 4 main theories for female choice

A

good gene model
sexy son hypothesis
direct selection model
sensory bias model

40
Q

male trait is assoc w/ direct fitness adv

ie bringing female food or helping raise kids

A

direct selection model

41
Q

exploiting pre-existing biases in female sensory system

A

sensory bias model

42
Q

trait is representative of good genes
sons AND daughters are more fit
few empirical tests that show offspring w/ higher fitness

A

good genes model

43
Q

sons will have high reproductive success due to being more attractive
daughters will gain a preference for that trait

A

sexy son hypothesis

44
Q

which theory for female choice can lead to runaway selection

why

A

sexy son

bc it accelerates sexual selection

45
Q

inbreeding and genetic drift are important for conservation

A

true

46
Q

mating between close relatives

A

inbreeding

47
Q

what type of frequency changes under inbreeding

which does not

A

genotype

allele

48
Q

negative effects of inbreeding on offspring

A

inbreeding depression

49
Q

how does inbreeding lead to inbreeding depression

A

increases genetic homozygosity

50
Q

probability that 2 alleles are identical by descent

A

inbreeding coefficient

51
Q

does inbreeding always cause inbreeding depression

A

nope

52
Q

what are two ways that an increase in homozygosity occurs in individuals

A

deleterious recessive alleles

loss of benefits of heterozygosity

53
Q

inbreeding leads to an ______ vortex

A

extinction

54
Q

how to hermaphrodites avoid inbreeding

A

don’t breed as both sexes at once

gametic incompatibility

55
Q

games don’t work on themselves which leads to inhibition of fertilization

A

gamete incompatibility

56
Q

purging of deleterious recessives from a population via inbreeding

A

purifying selection

57
Q

what four ways do evolutionary novelties arise

A

enhancement
reduction/loss
change in growth rates
change in function

58
Q

making things bigger relative to body size

A

enhancement or elaboration

59
Q

differential rates of growth over time

A

heterochrony

60
Q

retention of juvenile traits in adults

A

neoteny

61
Q

structure co-opted for a different use

A

exaptation

62
Q

what genetic changes are responsible for evolutionary innovation

A

repurposing the function of genes

change genes that regulate gene expression

63
Q

how does the repurposing of gene function occur

A

duplication and divergence

64
Q

gene that has been duplicated within a genome that evolved to have a new function

A

paralog

Evolution (3 decks)

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