Exam 3 Flashcards
view of an event or performance from a distance, from a detached viewpoint
panoptic
view of an event or performance from within a setting into which the spectator views (360) (from the center, immersed)
panoramic
small musics within big music cultures
micromusic
the legal protection of intellectual property
copyright
a manager of performers or a director of a concert series
impresario
A group of people who share a common identity and related practices, whether based on ethnicity, religion, language, or generation, that are perceived as distinct from others within a given society
subculture
The sphere of musical interaction that involves the power of the state and international industries, and the assumptions and expectations they generate
superculture
The sphere of interaction between musical subcultures
interculture
A small, four-stringd Hawaiian chordophone that became popular in the twentieth century
ukelele
an indigenous hawaiian dance form associated with native chants, later accompanied by Western instruments for tourists
Hula
Harmonics produced on the steel guitar by flattening the strings with the palm of the hand
palm harmonics or chimes
Technique in Western music when a chord is played one pitch at a time, usually from bottom to top
arpeggio
Vocal technique where a singer produces a break in tone when switching from chest to head voice
yodel
A large Indonesian ensemble consisting mainly of metallophones
gamelan
A type of Balinese gamelan, known particularly for its shimmering sound and interlocking parts.
gong Kebyar
Twentieth-century Balinese dance drama performed for tourists
kecak
One of the two main tuning systems of Indonesian gamelan music
pelog
A new creative work for Balinese gamelan
kreasi baru
An Indonesian term for the interlocking parts heard in Balinese gamelan music
kotekan
A grouping or measure, of two beats
duple meter
A scale that contains five pitches, or the music that is based on such scales
pentatonic
The addition of one or more notes in slight anticipation of a pitch
grace notes
A regular fluctuation or trembling of a sound, produced by varying the intensity of the sound
tremolo
A musical gesture that entails sliding from one pitch to another
glissando
A Chinese plucked lute with roots in central Asia
pipa
Chinese free reed aerophone with vertical pipes
sheng
Chinese bowed lute
erhu
A short musical pattern that is continually repaeted
ostinato
A regular fluctuation of a sound, produced by varying the pitch of the sound
vibrato
Gradual increase in volume from very soft to very loud
crescendo
Literate music traditions are more complex than non-literate musical traditions
false
Within a given society ______ notations typically develop after _____ notation
musical, written language
fake books typically contain
lead sheet notation
formalized system used for signaling, memorizing, and teaching
notation
The type of musical notation used in the 10th- or 11th-century manuscript of “Ad te levavi” tells how to sing the song, not what the song is.
true
The earliest known alphabetical system of music notation originates from
Syria-Palestine
In Western Europe, which type of music first acquired a written notation
Vocal music
What is the oldest recording device
memory
The first visual representations of musical sounds originate from
Carvings from the Pharaonic period of ancient Egypt
One of the earliest descriptions of Western music from the Middle Ages
underscores the importance of music in the ceremonies of the medieval church
The current Western system of musical notation specifies which of the following components of any musical sound
duration, timbre, pitch, loudness
addition of notes to those specified as notes
Ornamentation
What are the two motivations behind the use of notation
the need for a memory aid and the need to communicate
At the foundation of the Western musical system, the basic unit of music-writing was the syllable, not the musical note
true
In Greece, Mesopotamia, and Pharonic Egypt, which type of music first acquired a written notation
Instrumental music
Music notation in ancient Greece was principally developed to circulate and preserve specific compositions
false
give instructions for making the music rather than indicating the music itself (the player doesn’t have to know how the music will sound)
signs for actions
use signs people already know and don’t take up a large amount of writing space with a complicated grid or lots of open space
signs for notes
give directions for what to do and includes indications for volume and for the means of getting from one note to the next
signs for motion
show the structural divisions of a text and guide a singer in performing that text
signs for formulas
Written notation does this
preserves music over a long period
provides a framework for improvisation
facilitates performance by those not in contact with the composer
The use of notation and the form it takes are the result of the social and cultural context in which it has been developed
true
Written notation is a phenomenon of literate social classes
true
Neumes indicate the number of notes, the melodic shape, and what the specific notes are
False
five horizontally parallel lines
staff
fixes the location of one particular pitch on a staff
clef
locate pitches lying above or below any staff
ledger lines
total duration between adjacent bar lines
measure
vertical lines running through the staff or staves that mark off a fixed number of some note-value or the equivalent duration
barline
Professionals use fake books
as skeletal guides to performance
in addition to oral tradition in order to reproduce the notated music authentically and idiomatically
to learn standard repertory
Traditional Western notation was designed to accurately notate musics from all musical traditions from around the globe
false
Fake books are used
particularly by jazz musicians
are an informal collection of scores used by performing musicians and as a tool for learning
A fake book
The earliest books of Western music contain words only
true
Many fake books are unreliable and some are notoriously inaccurate
True
Indigenous peoples of which region use no written notation
sub-Suharan Africa
Which was NOT an important institution for the spread of bhangra in North America?
Churches
Capoeira performance takes place in a ring called a (n):
roda
The tango’s choreography, postures, dress, and music are based on the figure of the compadrito, or:
aggressive urban cowboy
How does the pas de deux in classical ballet transmit messages about sexuality and gender roles?
The male dancer replicates the cultural ideal of the gallant gentleman who supports a woman and endures hardship for her comfort.
Which term refers to the middle section of the angoleiros tradition of capoeira, consisting of a responsorial part that is also known as the “prayer” or “praising”?
chula
The instrumental tango declined in prominence in the 1960s because it was replaced by the tango song.
False
Which term refers to the rural Argentinean cowboys whose musical sounds laid an important basis for tango music?
gauchos
Which term refers to a Chinese plucked lute?
pipa
a type of button accordion brought to Argentina by German immigrants, which came to displace the guitar in tango ensembles
bandoneon
Which term refers to a short musical pattern that is repeated?
ostinato
standard steps for tango
fan, swivel, promenade, The Single Cortez
What was the focus of early controversies about the tango?
he dance’s overt representation of sexuality
What factor gave tango, initially associated with poverty and ill repute, respectability in Argentina?
It migrated to Europe and was welcomed into upper-class settings there.
What role did bhangra play for South Asian youths in Great Britain by the 1960s?
It helped them affirm their identity in a positive way within a hostile and exclusionary British culture.
The tango song La Cumparsita seems dramatic because of the acceleration of tempo, or ritardando.
False
Dance can communicate:
stories from literature or mythology.
historical narratives.
challenges to social conventions.
a variety of emotions.
Which of the following is a case in which Western intellectual property laws—which assume that ownership of music is an individual right—become ethically and economically problematic?
when music is considered to have sacred origins
when music has been inspired through revelation
when music is considered to be the property of an entire community
How does sung tango differ from the instrumental form of the dance?
It is more irregular in tempo, slowing or quickening for dramatic purposes.
The movements of martial arts, such as capoeira, often lack expressive or philosophical significance.
false
The orchestra that accompanies capoeira is called a (n):
bateria
When and where did capoeira emerge?
among African slaves who worked on sugar cane plantations and in gold and diamond mines
The dhol is a large drum played to accompany Punjabi harvest festival dances performed by men and women.
false
How does a player produce different pitches and timbres on the berimbau?
by changing the pressure of a stone or coin against the string
What were the cellist Yo-Yo Ma’s main goals when he launched the Silk Road Project?
to present music and musicians from cultures along the ancient Silk Road, and to commission new music from composers from these regions
An Arangetram is typically performed by a young woman of South Asian descent to:
demonstrate her mastery of bharata natyam
The most important component of capoeira movements is ginga, or:
sway
What does the term dohl refer to in relation to the bhangra tradition?
a two-headed drum made of mango wood whose rhythms are the basis for bhangra music
Grace notes, fingered tremolo, glissando, and high harmonics are ornaments that are distinctive to which Chinese instrument?
pipa
What are “steps” or “figures” in the tango tradition?
the various standard motions in tango dancing
Which of the following is NOT a reason why the tango was associated with the lower classes in Argentina?
The steps were based on a folk dance from the impoverished countryside.
Which term refers to the fundamental motion of capoeira—the “sway” of the player’s body from side to side in wide-legged stances?
ginga
Which nonmusical themes are central to the significance of tango in Argentina and elsewhere?
open sexuality and male dominance
A section called a coda, literally meaning “tail,” may be used to end a tango such as Adiós Nonino.
true
The study of dance steps
choreology
Dance in which two people perform face-to-face within an intimate space
couple dance
Dance performed by multiple dancers side by side or in a horizontal sequence, Middle East
line dance
Extended due in Western ballet between the leading female and leading male dancer
pas de deux
Movement form that imitates characters or actions through exaggerated silent gestures
mime
Afro-Brazilian performance style that combines elements of martial art dance, etc
capoeira
Form of patterned movement such as boxing, fencing, judo, or karate that embeds values of a particular culture
martial art
Musical bow used to accompany capoeira
berimbau
Lowest and loudest berimbau
berimbau gunga
Middle-range berimbau
berimbau medio
Highest-range berimbau
berimbau viola
Tall, cylindrical drum used to accompany capoeira
atabaque
Brazilian frame drum used to accompany capoeira
pandeiro
Idiophone of West African origin with two cowbells welded together
agogo
Brazilian scraper
reco-reco
Small wicker rattle filled with seeds shaken by berimbau player
caxixi
Colonial-era Afro-Brazilian song and dance gatherings
batuques
Master of capoeira
mestres
Practitioner of Angola-style capoeira
angoleiro
First section of the capoeira ritual, which contains historical and philosophical context
Ladainha
A responsorial vocal section that signals that the capoieira game can begin
corrido
The second responsorial section of the capoeira with salutations and greetings
chula
The rhythmic patterns played by the berimbau in capoeira
toque
A tightly choreographed men’s group dance, originally from the Punjab region
bhangra
A dance performed by Punjabi women, equivalent to the bhangra
giddha
Left, lower-pitched head of the dhol
dhamma
Right, higher-pitched head of the dhol
purha
Traditional rhythm of the dhol drum as well as common motion in bhangra with both arms and left leg lifted.
jhummar
Single-pitched string instrument used in bhangra
bugdu
double-flute used in bhangra
algoza
Metal idiophone with discs attached used to accompany bhangra
chimta
South Indian temple dance
bharata natyam
Formal recital performed by bharata natyam dancer after years of study
Arangetram
Smaller dohl
dholaki
Short solo phrases traditionally sung at the beginning of Punjabi songs
bolis
Festival with South Asian roots often held in the South Asian diaspora
mela
A button accordion associated with the tango
bandoneon
An Argentinean-derived style of song and dance
tango
A free aerophone with reeds that are hidden within two rectangular headboards connected by a folding bellows with keys or buttons to play a melody and chords
accordion
An accordion technique that results in an intensified tremolo or vibrato
bellows shaking
Long-short Cuban rhythm
habanera rhythm
Standard movement pattern in dance
step (or figure)
Instrumental ensemble with one or more bandoneon, string instruments, and piano that played tango to accompany dance
orquestra tipica
Argentinean word for cowboy
gaucho
Early form of the tango, with two contrasting sections, both set in quadruple meter with long-short rhythms
tango-romanza
Sung tango, irregular tempo
tango song
A melody that contrasts with a main melody or tune played at the same time
countermelody
spanish for organ grinder
organitos
A Western classical form that generally consists of an exposition, in which one group of themes is presented in a home key and a second in a foreign key; a development section in which the themes are elaborated on; and a recapitulation in which both groups return in the home key
sonata form
The process of elaborating or varying a theme. the middle, contrasting section of Western sonata form
development
Repetition of a melody or section of music
restatement
Argentinean gathering featuring tango music and dance
milonga
Dramatically slowing down music’s tempo
ritardando
Term for a concluding section
coda
