Exam 3

Question 1

what is the term for the increased muscle size that develops during and immediately following a single exercise bout?

Answer 1

transient hypertrophy

Question 2

a change in neural drive of the alpha-motoneuron specific to the frequency of discharge refers to the term:

Answer 2

rate coding

Question 3

in humans, a change in the cross-sectional area of the skeletal muscle following regular resistance training is said to be due to:

Answer 3

hypertrophy

Question 4

what is an example of neuromuscular activation that would elicit the greatest force production desired for coordinated movement?

Answer 4

tetanus

Question 5

identify cellular activity following a resistance training session

Answer 5

decreased protein degradation

increased protein synthesis

Question 6

after an extended period of immobilization, which fiber type experiences a greater extent of atrophy?

Answer 6

type I

Question 7

fiber type alterations, as in conversion from one fiber type to another. when does this occur?

Answer 7

during cross-innervations studies

not proven in humans yet

Question 8

How do previously untrained individuals respond to detraining?

Answer 8

a period of training cessation:

• does not result in reduction in strength top retraining levels
• results in greater changes in type II muscle fibers

Question 9

when training an individual who has never resistance trained before, what are initial changes in strength are due to?

Answer 9

neural changes

Question 10

when training a previously sedentary individual, one can expect the most dramatic changes in VO2max to occur during what time period?

Answer 10

the first 2 months of training

Question 11

outline differences in heart characteristics noted across samples of runners, cyclists, strength athletes, and sedentary controls

Answer 11

individuals who exercise, regardless of exercise type, can experience cardiac adaptations that increase the size and contractile properties of the left ventricle of the heart

Question 12

it has been suggested that a change in heart size is caused by what?

Answer 12

increase in EDV
increase in plasma volume
regular contraction against a higher afterload during exercise

Question 13

following an aerobic training program, maximal SV levels are:

Answer 13

higher than retraining values

Question 14

following an aerobic training program, exercise at the same absolute exercise intensity (ex. 8 min mile pace run for 30 mins) will demand a __________ HR than the same exercise bout before training

Answer 14

lower

Question 15

Pam and Sam go for a run together. Pam is much more aerobically trained than Sam. during the run, pam’s HR monitor records her steady state HR around 165 bpm. sam’s HR stays around 180bpm throughout the run. whose HR likely returns to resting levels first?

Answer 15

Pam

Question 16

what characterizes changes to the blood following regular aerobic training?

Answer 16

RBC count increases
plasma volume increases
blood volume increases

Question 17

what are the changes in blood flow following regular aerobic training?

Answer 17

increased vasodilation in vessels leading to the kidneys and GI tract

Question 18

what have studies comparing the effectiveness of HIIT training to traditional long-slow distance training shown?

Answer 18

HIIT training results in similar improvement in oxidative function as traditional long-slow distance training

Question 19

what have increases in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme specific to Krebs cycle function, been shown to do?

Answer 19

continue to increase through at least 6 months of training

Question 20

what are changes to anaerobic threshold and RER that follow regular aerobic exercise training?

Answer 20

an athlete’s anaerobic threshold will shift to a higher absolute exercise intensity due to an ability to maintain a lower RER for longer periods of time at easier exercise intensities

Question 21

regular anaerobic training will result in an increase in enzyme content of which enzymes?

Answer 21

CK
PFK
HK

Question 22

what tests provides info on an individuals anaerobic power, and therefor the potential for the body to more efficiently produce energy vis anaerobic metabolism?

Answer 22

Wingate test

Question 23

according to the principle of ___________ the exercise training program must stress the physiological systems that are critical for optimal performance in a given sport in order to achieve the desired training adaptations and goals.

Answer 23

specificity

Question 24

through studies of twins, research has shown that 2 similar people can undergo the same aerobic training and see vastly different changes in regard to aerobic power. These studies led to what understanding?

Answer 24

there will be high responders and low responders among groups of people that complete identical training

Question 25

according to the principle of ____________, it is necessary to systematically increase demands upon the body in order to see continued physiologic and thus performance improvements.

Answer 25

progressive overload

Question 26

what is the systematic process of changing one or more variables in a training program in order to allow for the training stimulus to remain challenging and effective?

Answer 26

periodization

Question 27

list variables and what adaptations occur to them when resistance training

Answer 27

cross-sectional area of whole muscle - increase
number of myofibrils - increase
number of myofibers - no change
number of myofilaments - increase
connective tissue strength - increase
size of myofibers - increase

Question 28

list variables and what adaptations occur to them when aerobic training

Answer 28

HR at max - no change
SV at rest - increase 
EDV at max - increase
CO at max - increase 
aVO2 difference at max - increase 
HR at rest - decrease 
mitochondrial density - increase

Question 29

Shalane is a professional distance funner. her VO2max has not improved over the course of the last 5 years, however she does still see performance improvements. explain 3 changes that allow for Shalane to continue to improve. (include the change and why that helps her run faster)

Answer 29

–

Question 30

what type or aerobic training will be most effective at eliciting futher improvements in this area?

Answer 30

– (LT)

Question 31

Bob is standing at a full vending machine frustrated and pounding on the machine that has not dispensed his snack. just as Sara looks down the hall to see what the commotion is, the vending machine tips over and falls on bob. Sara sprints to him, and despite her small stature, she is able to lift the 500+lb vending machine off of bob completely on her own. physiologically, what may have occurred within the neuromuscular system that allowed her to elicit this extreme strength?

Answer 31

–

Autogenic inhibition override