Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What does ‘the field’ mean in anthropology?
A
The place where you are going to research
2
Q
Name 1 practical action you must take before going to the field
A
- choosing where to go and what to research
- language and dialect, learn or get interpreter
- finding local contacts for research
- paying for research, either by yourself or through funding
- food/weather/transportation there
- living conditions and cultural differences there
3
Q
What does IRB stand for
A
-Institutional review board
4
Q
What is the IRB?
A
-Permission from a university to conduct research, which is necessary to make the research accredited
5
Q
What is informed consent?
A
A permission form for researcher and local person or government, usually in the language of the local
6
Q
What parties are involved with informed consent?
A
researcher, local, local government
7
Q
Give an example of a manipulative question
A
How has a service helped
8
Q
Why are manipulative questions ethically bad?
A
They limit the scope of answers, change the meaning of data and trust, and are biased
9
Q
What is the significance of an image vs a text in presenting your research findings?
A
-
10
Q
What is the definition of quantitative data?
A
Data that is measured
-mass surveys, financial data, census
11
Q
What is the definition of qualitative data?
A
Data that is observed
-descriptions, interviews
12
Q
What are issues of using pictures in presenting research?
A
Can easily be taken out of context
13
Q
In what country did Dr. Litka do her research?
A
-Mexico
14
Q
In what city did Dr. Litka do her research?
A
-Coba, on an ejido land
15
Q
Name 1 area of interest of Dr Litka’s research
A
- Tourism and how to run i5
- Mayan Identity
- language + maya (Mayan, Spanish, then english)
- Community ties
16
Q
What is the definition of Globalization?
A
Increased inner connection
17
Q
What are Subaltern Studies?
A
The history/studies of underrepresented people
18
Q
What is Acculturation?
A
Individual and personalized globalization, like studying abroad
19
Q
What is diffusion?
A
- Spread of ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another (paper, compass, gunpowder went from china to Europe)
- Europeans then improved them where needed
- Corn
20
Q
What is cultural imperialism?
A
-the imposition by one usually politically or economically dominant community of various aspects of its own culture onto another, non-dominant community.
21
Q
What is glocalization?
A
- practice of conducting business according to both local and global considerations
22
Q
Give an example of the symbolic crossing of boundaries
A
-Starbucks in a foreign country
23
Q
To what extent is the idea of authenticity valid or invalid
A
Acknowledging that authentic cultures can change -> valid
Authentic = no change -> invalid
ex. Ren Fair
24
Q
What is the difference between a tourist and a traveler?
A
Tourist = temporary traveling outside of daily routine Traveler = going to a place to be assimilated into routine and culture
25
What is recreational tourism? Give an example
Tourism with the purpose of rest, relaxation, and entertainment
ex. Beaches, Vegas, broadway
26
What is Heritage tourism? Give an example
Going to places to appreciate the past
-ruins, pilgrimages, museums
Should govt or descendants have control?
27
What is Dark tourism? Give an example
Heritage tourism, but where tragic things happened
| -holocaust concentration camps, burial sites, Anne Boleyn's execution spot, slum tourism
28
Why is dark tourism controversial?
Education vs Tourism, visit but also respect, how many people should be there at a time and what ages?
Specifically for slum tourism, is it about awareness and communication or exploitation?
29
What is cultural tourism? Give an example
Tourism involving living people and their cultural environment
-Japanese tea and traditional dress, cultural festivals
30
What is ecological/wildlife tourism? Give an example
Tourism involving nature and animals
| -animals, hiking, scuba diving, environmental awareness/conservation
31
What are stakeholders?
People benefiting from a project
32
Give an example of 2-3 kinds of stakeholders
- Locals depending on business
- investors
- those using the service(tourists)
33
Describe the history of Cancun, Mexico in relation to tourism
- Until the 60's or 70's Cancun was just a fishing village
- Mexican Gov't chose Cancun + 3 other places to develop for tourism - chosen for location and beaches
- Lots of pressure on stakeholders
- outside of the tourist part of Cancun, there is a lot of inequality
34
Describe tourism with exotic animals
There is a debate to whether or not seeing and exploiting exotic animals is abusive
Do not hold them, it's unnatural and often the animals have to be sedated
35
Describe sheltered tourism. Does the relate more to a tourist or a traveler?
Relates more to tourists
Sheltered tourism is travelling without acknowledgement of local struggles and inequality
36
Give an example of 'playing into stereotypes'
-wearing traditional cultural dress, even when modern clothes have changed
37
Describe the tactics Disney uses to create fantasy and make a profit from tourists
-Smell-o-vision to make places and food more appetizing
38
What's the definition of symbolism?
The use of symbols to represents ideas, qualities, or cultures
symbolism carries across all aspects of culture, including food
39
Describe the importance of corn among the Maya (1)
- Food and Mythology, past is connected with the present
- nutritious
- identity, corn tortillas and not bread
- hospitality, always have FRESH corn tortillas for guests
40
Describe the Passover Seder
Passover is a Jewish holiday to celebrate ancient Jewish freedom from slavery
41
What is the important, symbolic food eaten at Passover? Describe its significance
Matzah - unleavened bread
The escaping slaved didn't have time for bread to rise so they had to eat unleavened bread
42
Describe the importance of dietary restrictions
Religious (Kosher, Halal)
Ecological (Vegetarian/Vegan)
Medical (intolerance, allergies, deficiencies)
43
Compare and Contrast meals meal time and size in the US and Europe
US
- shorter lunch, longer dinner
- dinner is earlier
Europe
- longer lunch, shorter dinner
- dinner is really late
44
Describe the Dog Meat Festival and its ethical significance
Yulin Dog Festival
- tortured dogs taste better
- domestic dogs are sometimes kidnapped
Eating dog itself it okay though
45
Describe the issue with 'thin is in'
- especially harmful to women, but also harmful to men
- body shaming for those who are fat
- puts looks over health
- includes weight loss incentives and updates, counting calories
- models and celebrities are usually thinner
46
Where did the video 'Fat or Fiction' take place?
Mauritania, in North-West Africa
47
What is gavage?
Gavage is the force-feeding of girls so they will become fat
48
Why is gavage important to their culture? Why is it dangerous to their culture?
- Being fat represents being wealthy
- being fat makes you desirable
-gavage brings many health problems down the road, like heart problems and blood pressure
49
What is naturalistic health/sickness? How do you treat it?
- health/sickness based on impersonal causes
- includes bacteria and viruses, genetics
- can affect anyone
- treat with medicine
50
What is personalistic health/sickness? How do you treat it?
- Health/sickness based on relationships with others
- includes jealousy, karma, mal de ojo
- can affect anyone
- treat the patient, not the condition
51
Describe pasung and mental illness in Indonesia
- Pasung is the use of physical restraint for people with mental health
- A lot of use for schizophrenic patients
52
What is medical pluralism?
A combination of different medical treatments (western + non-western)
53
Give an example of medical pluralism
-getting prescription medicine for a problem but also using crystals to heal
54
Describe the limitations of scientific healing
- addictive pills, can lose effectiveness
- placebo effect
- impersonal and expensive
- other remedies aren't certified, legal, or fully accepted in a society
55
What are the Maya 'Alux'?
A mischievous guardian of the corn. If you're good to the corn, they'll be good to you
56
How do Peruvians use Coca leaves to adapt to their environments?
Coca chewing - Hallpay
(also used in teas and toothpaste)
Helps curb stomachaches, hunger pains, altitude sickness
57
What is the controversy of coca leaves? Why are they banned in the US?
Although they are used for medicinal purposes, they are widely used to make cocaine
58
How is Peru embracing coca leaves today?
The current government is making it easier for locals to grow coca, both for themselves and for profit
59
Where are orangutans from?
- Asia
| - Indonesia and Malaysia
60
Name 2 unique characteristics of Orangutans
- Mother and Child relations, 2nd longest only to humans (8 years)
- Only Asian great ape
- They help 'clean' the forest and spread seeds
61
What is the main threat of the orangutans?
- deforestation
- forest cut down to plant palm oil trees
- palm oil trees can't sustain animal life
- palm oil is a cheap ingredient in many beauty and food products
62
Describe the rehabilitation process for orangutans and some of the survival skills they need to graduate
Quarantine, nursery/baby school, learn skills, practice island with other rehabilitated orangutans, released into the wild
Skills of rehabilitation(1)
- Tree climbing
- socialization
- nest building
- coconut cracking
- avoiding other predators
Challenges of Rehabilitation (1)
- emotional trauma/physical injuries
- spreading of diseases
- overcrowding in centers
- lack of funds or available forest area
- some die on protected islands
63
What is Applied Anthropology
Using anthropological perspectives, theory, methods, and data to identify, assess, and solve problems
64
What is over-innovation? Why is it ethically bad?
- Over-innovation is trying to change a culture when you are meant to study it.
- It invalidated cultural identities and practices
- Ex 1. The San
- Ex 2. Mauritania - should you interfere with gavage? is it wrong?
65
What is under-differentiation? Why is it ethically bad? Give an example
- Under-differentiation is assuming that many smaller groups easily fit into one big group
- It dismisses many cultural identities
- The Maya were never a unified empire, but actually many smaller groups
66
Describe the difference in Socratic and Didactic approaches to teaching and learning.
- Socratic is learning for understanding, for example being able to discuss ideas. Opinionated
- Didactic is learning to memorize something. Like learning for an exam and then forgetting. Not opinionated/
67
What country uses Socratic styles of teaching and learning?
United States
68
What country uses Didactic styles of teaching and learning?
China
69
Describe some differences of business etiquette in the US vs in Dubai
- US is relatively gender neutral in business
- US you get the deal and then get to know someone
- interactions are relatively short
- Dubai is male dominated, and females must ask permission or wait for the male's lead
- In Dubai, you want to get personal with the person before you agree to business with them
- Meetings are generally longer, usually involving a meal
- People will be distracted by their phones
70
Give an example of how McDonalds advertising failed in Brazil
- Advertised for the beach, when you wouldn't want greasy food there
- Advertised for a quick lunch, when lunch there is generally a longer, sit down meal
71
What can you do to help Orangutans?
- Spread awareness about animal status?
- donate to charities that help the orangutans
- "adopt" an orangutan
- use less palm oil/use sustainable palm oil in products
72
What are the condes? What is their connection to Maya culture?
- condes are an underwater river system in south america. -They are methodologically significant and allowed for survival
- now they are very touristy, but can be dangerous
