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UD ANT 150 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four sub-fields of Anthropology?

A

Physical/Biological
Archaeology
Linguistic
Cultural

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2
Q

What is Anthropology?

A

Study of humans and their ancestors

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3
Q

Name two characteristics that make anthropology unique

A
  • Holism = whole of human condition
  • fieldwork = living with group studying for a long period of time, including participant observation and writing an ethnography
  • Culture concept = learned understandings + behaviors
  • Informants - connections between you + local culture
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4
Q

When did anthropology emerge as a scientific discipline?

A

late 1800’s

  • effects of colonialism/independence
  • industrial/technological changes
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5
Q

Who is Franz Boas/what is his significance?

A
  • Father of North American Anthropology

- Cultural relativism, culture in terms of their own history, not ours

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6
Q

Name one difference between Monkeys and Apes

A

-Apes don’t have tails, monkeys do

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7
Q

Name the four non-human great apes

A
  • Orangutans
  • Gorillas
  • Chimpanzees
  • Bonobos
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8
Q

Characteristics of Australopithecines

A
  • AKA Piths
  • Hominids
  • Lived 3-4 million years ago
  • Lucy, found in Ethiopia
  • first bipedals
  • had small brains and bodies
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9
Q

Characteristics of Homo Habilus

A
  • 2.4 million years ago
  • Used tools!!!
  • smarter, had speech, bigger brain
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10
Q

Characteristics of Homo Erectus

A
  • 1.8 million years ago
  • spread out from Africa
  • Fire
  • increased body size, brain size, and robustness
  • hunter gatherers
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11
Q

Characteristics of Neanderthals

A
  • 300,000 to 30,000 years ago
  • intelligent
  • buried the dead
  • shorter than average
  • strong and stocky
  • probably verbal communication
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12
Q

Characteristics of Modern Humans

A

-150,000 years ago
-modern bipedalism (ease + flexibility)
-Larger brain + body mass
-small tongue -> language
brain, larynx, ears, and ribs change

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13
Q

What is the definition of Archaeology?

A

study of what humans leave behind

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14
Q

What are the oldest types of tools?

A
  • oldowan stone tools
  • from the paleolithic period
  • used by Homo habilus
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15
Q

What does lithic mean?

A

relating to stone

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16
Q

What is the time and significance of Neolithic period?

A
  • new stone age
  • 10,000 years ago
  • agriculture
  • permanant settlements, greater population
  • leaving more things behind
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17
Q

What are flora and fauna?

A

plants + animals

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18
Q

What are the cooper and bronze ages?

A
  • 5000 years ago
  • start of history and civilization
  • start of writing
  • trading
  • copper/bronze tools
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19
Q

Name two characteristics of human language

A
  • productivity, inventing language
  • arbitrary
  • degree of cultural awareness
  • displacement - ability to talk about all aspects of time
  • productivity
20
Q

What are phonetics?

A

Comparison of sounds from different languages

21
Q

Describe the International Phonetic Alphabet

A
  • standard way of representing all sounds from all human languages
  • modern languages probably stem from 5000 years ago
22
Q

When are the origins of writing?

A

5000 years ago

23
Q

What is communicative competence and its significance?

A

-Knowing appropriateness in different culture

24
Q

What is the definition of culture?

A

Learned behavior

25
What is the difference between anthropology and sociology?
Anthro - whole of makeup over time - field work in rural places, foreign places - culture Sociology - Modern humans only - urban areas, US context - society
26
What is the difference between simple and fully developed culture?
Use of something vs adding new meaning ex. food - necessary to sustain life - religious, age, cost, etc
27
Name and Describe 3 characteristics of culture
- Shared and passed down - Symbolic - attach meaning - Holistic and Integrated - Controls nature - units of time - Culture changes rapidly - Contested - rebellion, protest, revolution - Adaptive/Maladaptive ex. relying on phones but also texting and driving
28
What is enculturation?
- process of learning a culture throughout one's life | - begins in early childhood
29
What is ethnocentrism?
belief that one's own culture is greater than others
30
Describe the limits to 'cultural relativism'
- taking a stand on inhumane beliefs/practices - methodological, understanding the why.how of the situation - moral stance AFTER understanding
31
Describe the Nacirema
- Territory between Northern Mexico and Canada, come from the East - Cultural hero = Notgnihsaw - obsessed with cleanliness + beauty - obsessed with healing power - Americans
32
Where are the Maya from?
Mesoamerica | -Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador
33
Explain the significance of 12/21/12
End of a 5000 year longcount (longest cyclical calendar in Mayan culture) NOT the end of the world, Time just resetting
34
Name one difference between Maya ruins and Egyptian pyramids
- steps vs smooth - not just for burials - messages in the steps - not pointed at the top
35
How many different mayan groups and languages are there today?
Over 30 groups and languages
36
Name three arguments why 'race' does not exist biologically
- Race does not exist biologically, but it’s still important culturally and socially - Biologically, features can (and do) act independently from each other from each other - “Race” assumes that biology and cultural identification easily connect with each other
37
What is the difference between a Phenotype and an Genotype
- phenotype = physical appearance | - genotype = genetic makeup
38
How is 'race' still important culturally?
- “Race” and the census - Self-identification - Discrimination and stereotypes
39
Describe the difference between race in the USA, Latin America, and Japan?
- US: “One drop rule,” fewer racial categories, and more based on genetics - Latin America: No “One drop rule,” many racial categories, more based on physical appearance/language/dress - Japan: Any mixture = “not us”
40
What are challenges in defining 'Maya'?
- different subcultures of Mayans w/different languages | - grouped together by conquistadors
41
Describe takeaways from the "first steps" video
Salam - Pith Discovered in Ethiopia 3 years old (teeth) Bipedalism - more efficient
42
Describe takeaways from the neanderthal video
big, flared rib cage to retain heat spoke loudly, nasaly, higher pitch
43
Describe Capoeira
part martial arts, part dance | ritual/cultural/maybe religious
44
Name differences between the US and Brazil in "Black in Brazil"
race less complicated - more limited | Brazilian ports were cheaper for the Portuguese, they own Brazil
45
Who is Chica da Silva/what is her significance
prostitute -> wife (freed by owner's death) 13 children with owner acted white g

UD ANT 150 (3 decks)

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