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UD ANT 150 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four sub-fields of Anthropology?

A

Physical/Biological
Archaeology
Linguistic
Cultural

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2
Q

What is Anthropology?

A

Study of humans and their ancestors

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3
Q

Name two characteristics that make anthropology unique

A
  • Holism = whole of human condition
  • fieldwork = living with group studying for a long period of time, including participant observation and writing an ethnography
  • Culture concept = learned understandings + behaviors
  • Informants - connections between you + local culture
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4
Q

When did anthropology emerge as a scientific discipline?

A

late 1800’s

  • effects of colonialism/independence
  • industrial/technological changes
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5
Q

Who is Franz Boas/what is his significance?

A
  • Father of North American Anthropology

- Cultural relativism, culture in terms of their own history, not ours

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6
Q

Name one difference between Monkeys and Apes

A

-Apes don’t have tails, monkeys do

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7
Q

Name the four non-human great apes

A
  • Orangutans
  • Gorillas
  • Chimpanzees
  • Bonobos
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8
Q

Characteristics of Australopithecines

A
  • AKA Piths
  • Hominids
  • Lived 3-4 million years ago
  • Lucy, found in Ethiopia
  • first bipedals
  • had small brains and bodies
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9
Q

Characteristics of Homo Habilus

A
  • 2.4 million years ago
  • Used tools!!!
  • smarter, had speech, bigger brain
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10
Q

Characteristics of Homo Erectus

A
  • 1.8 million years ago
  • spread out from Africa
  • Fire
  • increased body size, brain size, and robustness
  • hunter gatherers
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11
Q

Characteristics of Neanderthals

A
  • 300,000 to 30,000 years ago
  • intelligent
  • buried the dead
  • shorter than average
  • strong and stocky
  • probably verbal communication
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12
Q

Characteristics of Modern Humans

A

-150,000 years ago
-modern bipedalism (ease + flexibility)
-Larger brain + body mass
-small tongue -> language
brain, larynx, ears, and ribs change

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13
Q

What is the definition of Archaeology?

A

study of what humans leave behind

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14
Q

What are the oldest types of tools?

A
  • oldowan stone tools
  • from the paleolithic period
  • used by Homo habilus
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15
Q

What does lithic mean?

A

relating to stone

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16
Q

What is the time and significance of Neolithic period?

A
  • new stone age
  • 10,000 years ago
  • agriculture
  • permanant settlements, greater population
  • leaving more things behind
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17
Q

What are flora and fauna?

A

plants + animals

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18
Q

What are the cooper and bronze ages?

A
  • 5000 years ago
  • start of history and civilization
  • start of writing
  • trading
  • copper/bronze tools
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19
Q

Name two characteristics of human language

A
  • productivity, inventing language
  • arbitrary
  • degree of cultural awareness
  • displacement - ability to talk about all aspects of time
  • productivity
20
Q

What are phonetics?

A

Comparison of sounds from different languages

21
Q

Describe the International Phonetic Alphabet

A
  • standard way of representing all sounds from all human languages
  • modern languages probably stem from 5000 years ago
22
Q

When are the origins of writing?

A

5000 years ago

23
Q

What is communicative competence and its significance?

A

-Knowing appropriateness in different culture

24
Q

What is the definition of culture?

A

Learned behavior

25
Q

What is the difference between anthropology and sociology?

A

Anthro

  • whole of makeup over time
  • field work in rural places, foreign places
  • culture

Sociology

  • Modern humans only
  • urban areas, US context
  • society
26
Q

What is the difference between simple and fully developed culture?

A

Use of something vs adding new meaning

ex. food
- necessary to sustain life
- religious, age, cost, etc

27
Q

Name and Describe 3 characteristics of culture

A
  • Shared and passed down
  • Symbolic - attach meaning
  • Holistic and Integrated
  • Controls nature - units of time
  • Culture changes rapidly
  • Contested - rebellion, protest, revolution
  • Adaptive/Maladaptive ex. relying on phones but also texting and driving
28
Q

What is enculturation?

A
  • process of learning a culture throughout one’s life

- begins in early childhood

29
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

belief that one’s own culture is greater than others

30
Q

Describe the limits to ‘cultural relativism’

A
  • taking a stand on inhumane beliefs/practices
  • methodological, understanding the why.how of the situation
  • moral stance AFTER understanding
31
Q

Describe the Nacirema

A
  • Territory between Northern Mexico and Canada, come from the East
  • Cultural hero = Notgnihsaw
  • obsessed with cleanliness + beauty
  • obsessed with healing power
  • Americans
32
Q

Where are the Maya from?

A

Mesoamerica

-Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador

33
Q

Explain the significance of 12/21/12

A

End of a 5000 year longcount (longest cyclical calendar in Mayan culture)

NOT the end of the world, Time just resetting

34
Q

Name one difference between Maya ruins and Egyptian pyramids

A
  • steps vs smooth
  • not just for burials
  • messages in the steps
  • not pointed at the top
35
Q

How many different mayan groups and languages are there today?

A

Over 30 groups and languages

36
Q

Name three arguments why ‘race’ does not exist biologically

A
  • Race does not exist biologically, but it’s still important culturally and socially
  • Biologically, features can (and do) act independently from each other from each other
  • “Race” assumes that biology and cultural identification easily connect with each other
37
Q

What is the difference between a Phenotype and an Genotype

A
  • phenotype = physical appearance

- genotype = genetic makeup

38
Q

How is ‘race’ still important culturally?

A
  • “Race” and the census
  • Self-identification
  • Discrimination and stereotypes
39
Q

Describe the difference between race in the USA, Latin America, and Japan?

A
  • US: “One drop rule,” fewer racial categories, and more based on genetics
  • Latin America: No “One drop rule,” many racial categories, more based on physical appearance/language/dress
  • Japan: Any mixture = “not us”
40
Q

What are challenges in defining ‘Maya’?

A
  • different subcultures of Mayans w/different languages

- grouped together by conquistadors

41
Q

Describe takeaways from the “first steps” video

A

Salam - Pith
Discovered in Ethiopia
3 years old (teeth)

Bipedalism - more efficient

42
Q

Describe takeaways from the neanderthal video

A

big, flared rib cage to retain heat

spoke loudly, nasaly, higher pitch

43
Q

Describe Capoeira

A

part martial arts, part dance

ritual/cultural/maybe religious

44
Q

Name differences between the US and Brazil in “Black in Brazil”

A

race less complicated - more limited

Brazilian ports were cheaper for the Portuguese, they own Brazil

45
Q

Who is Chica da Silva/what is her significance

A

prostitute -> wife (freed by owner’s death)

13 children with owner
acted white g

UD ANT 150 (3 decks)

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