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UD ANT 150 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a kin type?

A

straight forward relationship ex - birth giver

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2
Q

What is a kin term?

A

culturally interpretative relationship (name given to relationship) ex - mom

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3
Q

What is the definition of descent?

A

shared ancestry from common ancestors

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4
Q

Name two types of descent

A
  • lineage

- clans

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5
Q

What is the difference between lineage and clan? Give examples

A
  • lineage is immediate and proven (ex. Family tree)

- clans are distant and hypothetical (ex. Same last name, family crest, totems)

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6
Q

Describe human and animal connections in the west

A

NEED ONE

  • animal nicknames w/ meaning (wolf pack)
  • chinese zodiac
  • animal mascots
  • spirit animals
  • pets
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7
Q

What is unilineal descent? Describe its significance

A

one side of ancestry > the other

important because of marriages - identify with one spouses family and not as much the other

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8
Q

What is the difference between matrilineal descent and patrilineal descent?

A
  • Matrilineal = unilineal descent following the females in the family
  • Patrilineal = unilineal descent following the males in the family
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9
Q

What is bilateral descent?

A

-both sides of the family are equally important

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10
Q

Describe the Maya naming system

A

Spanish first names, two maya last names

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11
Q

Describes functions of marriage

A
  • formal bond between individuals
  • sexual permission
  • property rights + labor distribution
  • social, economic + political kinship to each other’s family
  • social network
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12
Q

Describe Incest Taboo - how is it universal? How is it culturally variable?

A

universal restriction of incest (sexual relations between family members)

Used to be more common, especially within royal families (Hapsburgs in Europe)

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13
Q

What is Endogamy?

A

Marrying within a group (ex caste, royal family, pure blood, economic status)

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14
Q

What is Exogamy?

A

Marrying outside a group (ex. genetic diversity, expanding resources/wealth)

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15
Q

How are endogamy and exogamy used at the same time?

A

Typically genetic exogamy and social endogamy

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16
Q

Who is Anna Nicole Smith? What is her connection with exogamy?

A

Playboy bunny who married 86 year old tycoon, who then died a year after marriage

Did she marry him for love or money?

Exogamy - age difference + wealth

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17
Q

What is Polygyny? Describe it’s advantages

A
  • More than one wife
  • more kids!
  • chores split
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18
Q

What is Polyandry? Describe it’s advantages

A
  • more than one husband
  • don’t have to split family’s land
  • chores/caretaking split
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19
Q

Describe the Polyandry in Northern India

A

Younger brothers will marry same wife as oldest brother

  • avoid splitting land
  • split chores and caretaking
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20
Q

Name the characteristics of an individual-centric culture?

A
  • self lowering, child raising communication (baby talk)
  • nuclear family
  • face-to-face interaction
  • child dependency
  • encourage individual talent and thoughts
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21
Q

Name the characteristics of an socio-centric culture?

A
  • large, extended families
  • importance of respect, status, politeness, and honor
  • little privacy
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22
Q

How do we anthropomorphize pets in the USA?

A
  • call them your fur baby

- treat them like family

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23
Q

What is Animism?

A
  • all objects have spirits and souls
  • earliest form of religion
  • totemism = group/kin share a spirit
  • shamanism = religious leaders connect w/spirit world
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24
Q

What is Mana?

A

-sacred power in individuals

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25
Q

Describe an aspect of animism and mana in present day

A
  • human-animal connection
  • sacred natural wonders
  • ‘in touch’ with nature
  • mother earth
  • lucky people
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26
Q

Name a function of religion

A

1) Control and comfort over the uncontrollable
2) Provide a sense of purpose and morality
3) community unification and control

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27
Q

What are the functions of witchcraft?

A
  • explanation of non

- control over deviance, morals, and events

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28
Q

What are western equivalents of non-scientific belief systems?

A
  • fortune tellers
  • horoscopes
  • sports/lucky jerseys
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29
Q

What is Syncretism?

A
  • 1-word definition: Blending

- It worked well with Catholicism because having the belief in many gods worked well with having many saints

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30
Q

Who is the Virgin of Guadalupe? Where is she from?

A
  • of modern day Mexico

- Virgin Mary appeared as a young mestizo women who spoke native tongue

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31
Q

Why did the Virgin of Guadalupe work with Catholicism?

A
  • guadalupe = mary

- gave catholics a sense of control in Mexico

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32
Q

What is Haitian Voodo?

A

blending of catholicism and african beliefs

-there is one supreme god, but many spirits as intermediaries (like saints or angels)

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33
Q

Why does Voodoo work with Catholicism?

A

-there is one supreme god, but many spirits as intermediaries (like saints or angels)

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34
Q

Explain Voodoo and bad reputation

A
  • Blacks who worshiped haitian voodoo overthrew whites in govt
  • hollywood (shells, sacrifice)
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35
Q

Give an Example of religion and sports

A
  • “worshipping” athletes
  • loyalty to teams
  • autographs w/value
  • stadium -> temple
36
Q

What is Sympathetic magic? Give an example

A

magic imitative of a person/idea (ex. voodoo dolls)

37
Q

What is Contagious Magic? Give an example

A

magic that has actual contact with a person or idea (ex. sports memorabilia, hard rock cafe)

38
Q

What is a rite of passage?

A

A specific, individual ritual symbolizing a life transition that often happens around puberty

39
Q

What are the 3 stages of a rite of passage?

A

1) separation/preparation
2) marigial/lineal (in between)
3) aggregation

40
Q

Give examples of rites of passage

A

crocodile scarification, confirmation, Bar/Bat Mitzvah, Quinceanera

41
Q

What is Crocodile scarification? Where does it happen? Why does it happen?

A
  • boys cut up their backs with razor blades to symbolize a crocodile, a form of sympathetic magic
  • papua new guinea
  • shows a transition to manhood
42
Q

Name a western equivalent of crocodile scarification

A

Tattoos

  • permanent scars
  • pain in the moment
43
Q

What is Sex?

A

Biological makeup

44
Q

What is Gender?

A

Sociatial/cultural makeup

45
Q

Describe sexual dimorphism

A

physical difference between male and female beyond genitals

46
Q

describe the nature vs nurture debate

A

Nature has necessary connection (Ex. Testosterone = more likely to play football)

Nurture does not have that necessary connection (Ex. a man that is raised in a dancer’s home)

47
Q

What is a Patriarchy? Why are they more common?

A
  • a system of society or government ruled by a man or men

- paternity is harder to prove than maternity

48
Q

What is a Matriarchy?

A

a system of society or government ruled by a woman or women.

49
Q

Give an example of a gender shift

A

Female Roles during WWII in USA

  • women had increased public presence, workforce, and status
  • Reverted back to taking care of home afterwards
50
Q

Describe women in Afghanistan

A

In the 70’s, women dressed similar to western women

Now, they dress more modest than western women

51
Q

What does “Generic Masculine” mean?

A

Masculine terms are the default term for positions/groups (ex. mailman, charimen, “you guys”)

52
Q

Describe categories of gender/sexual identification in the USA

A

Sexual (straight/gay/bi/pan/ace/demi)

Gender (cis/trans/non-binary)

53
Q

How does Caitlyn Jenner relate to categories of gender/sex in america?

A

transgender female

54
Q

What is a third gender? What is the difference between third gender homosexual or transvestite?

A

Third genders do not identify as either binary (not male or female)

trans - trans still identifies as one, even if it’s different than birth
homosexual - can’t if they don’t identify on the binary

55
Q

Who are the hijras?

A

Indian biological men who live/act as women

56
Q

What challenges to Hijras face?

A

lacking civil rights
family shame
prostitution and begging

57
Q

What role to Hijras play in society?

A

Represent the reincarnation of indian gods

important in political + religious ceremonies

58
Q

Who are the Sworn Virgins?

A

Albanian women who have taken an oath to live as a celibate man

59
Q

Why do sworn virgins exist?

A

When there are no men/male children, someone must take care of family

only males can take leadership

60
Q

Why is it considered ‘homosexual’ for a sworn virgin to have sex with a man

A

they are living life as men, so sex with a man is gay

61
Q

What is Power?

A

ability to make decisions / take actions

62
Q

What is authority?

A

sociatial permission to make decisions / take actions

63
Q

What are bands? Name 2 characteristics

A

small kin based groups

  • simple organization, share power + authority
  • largely egalitarian
  • no formal law
  • migratory, hunters/gatherers
  • no social classes or individual wealth
64
Q

Describe the San Bushmen

A

band from southern africa

not a living fossil - modernity still touches them

65
Q

What are states?

A
  • a complex form of non-kin based groups that arose 5000 years ago in Mesopotamia
  • impersonal
  • subgroups and alliances
  • fiscal responsibilities
  • fixed boundaries
  • centralized leadership w/ social stratification
66
Q

describe the levels of states

A 
State = country
State = Ohio
State = UD
67
Q

What is ascribed status? give an example

A

status you are born with, from your descent group

ex. Royalty

68
Q

What is achieved status? give an example

A

status you work to get

ex. President

69
Q

Describe the ancient Maya political organization? How does it connect today?

A

Ancient = City states, not an empire, not unified
Transition -> took the Spanish 20 years to take over the Yucatan penninsula
Today - identify as Mayan, then as Mexican. Seen in last names

70
Q

Describe controlled conflict

A

a creative way of settling disputes (ex. rap battles, debates, dance offs, sports) as a means of asserting power and authority

71
Q

What is a hidden transcript?

A

a secret way of speaking out against authority (ex. art, song lyrics, clothes, makeup)

72
Q

Describe hunter-gatherers

A
  • corresponds politically with bands

- simplest form of economic organization

73
Q

Describe horticultualists

A

-small scale production of vegetation

74
Q

Describe pastoralists

A

-herding of animals

75
Q

What are the two main types of exchange?

A
  • generalized exchange

- negative exchange

76
Q

What is the significance of generalized exchange? Give an example

A
  • balanced exchange, typically with friends or family
  • gifts, favors
  • brings feelings of gratitude into exchange
77
Q

What is the significance of negative exchange? Give an example

A
  • unbalanced exchange, typically with strangers or people of different classes
  • buying items
  • if exchange is unbalanced, can strain relationships
78
Q

Give an example of how commodities turn into gifts

A

-autograph something, personalize something

79
Q

What is a ‘ger’?

A

A ger is a tent that the Mongolians live in.

80
Q

How do friends avoid becoming rivals during rivals during the horse races?

A

All of the credit goes to the horses

81
Q

How does the horse connect Mongolians with their gods?

A

The horse is the messenger between men and the gods.

82
Q

What is one aspect of the modern world from the Mongolian culture?

A

They drove a Jeep to follow the horses in the race
They use cell phones to call
One of the people owned a motorbike (and injured himself using it while drunk)
The winner of the children horse race would get a check if they earned a prize

83
Q

Where did the speaker go?

A

Mongolia - capital and northern

84
Q

What were living conditions for the speaker?

A

Tents or basic homes - simple meals

85
Q

What language did the speaker speak?

A

Chinese - very little mongolian (used an interpreter)

86
Q

What was the speaker’s area of interest

A

Mongolian nomads

UD ANT 150 (3 decks)

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