Exam 3 Flashcards

Question

What is voice onset time?

Answer 1

length of time that passes between the start of a speech sound and the onset of voicing.

Answer 2

Researchers can manipulate VOT along a continuum, which you would expect to result in a smooth inverse relationship between the perception of different words. In reality, participants identify the sounds the same until the voice onset time passes a certain boundary. (Ex: ba vs pa, >25ms = pa <25ms = ba)

Answer 3

in natural speech there are no clear boundaries between words but we are still able to segment speech almost effortlessly

Answer 4

the blending of phonemes at word boundaries. The word is pronounced differently depending on what comes after

Answer 5

we are much better at hearing the difference between the categories of sounds than within categories of sounds

Answer 6

Using prior knowledge to fill in the missing phonemes in a sentence. Illustrates that the perception of language is constructed

Answer 7

the sequence of phonemes that make up the word

Answer 8

How the word is spelled

Answer 9

how to combine the word with other words

Answer 10

what the word means

Answer 11

The actual object, action, or event in the world to which a word refer

Answer 12

how new words are being formed all the time

Answer 13

the elements that must appear in a phrase, and the sequence of those elements (determiner, adjective, noun, verb, etc)

Answer 14

Prescriptive rules are the way the language is supposed to be. Descriptive rules describe the way people actually talk

Answer 15

figuring out each words syntactic role. We normally do this as we read/hear the sentence, which can lead us to make mistakes in garden path sentences

Answer 16

sentences that suggest an initial interpretation that turns out to be wrong

Answer 17

The context of the sentence determines how we parse it

Answer 18

The pattern of pauses and pitch changes used to emphasize the sentence's structure and meaning

Answer 19

syntactic violations in language result in an early left anterior negative (ELAN) electrical charge. Semantic violations in language result in a longer negative electrical charge (N400)

Answer 20

No fluency, no comprehension, no repetition (complete aphasia) Broca's area, Wernicke's area, connection of the arcuate fasiculus

Answer 21

No fluency, no comprehension, repetition (Global aphasia but with preserved repetition) Broca's, Wernicke's, arcuate fasiculus spared but unconnected to other language regions

Answer 22

No fluency, comprehension, no repetition (Can only comprehend, broken speech, motor problem)

Answer 23

No fluency, comprehension, repetition (Like Broca's but can repeat)

Answer 24

fluency, no comprehension, no repetition (Is fluent but with no comprehension or repetition, effortless word salad)

Answer 25

fluency, no comprehension, repetition (Like Wernicke's but with repetition)

Answer 26

fluency, comprehension, no repetition (trouble with repetition) damage to arcuate fasiculus

Answer 27

fluency, comprehension, repetition (milder form, individuals have trouble with retrieval)

Answer 28

Non musicians will rate certain replaced tones in a musical piece as fitting better or worse

Answer 29

unexpected chords evoke an ERAN (early RIGHT anterior negativity) - syntactic musical violations

Answer 30

tone deafness, a deficit in music perception

Answer 31

lack of emotional responses to music

Answer 32

hearing a low tone in one ear and a high tone in another ear, when in reality it is the same tone; hearing a spoken sentence as if it was musical

Answer 33

Normative theories describe how people SHOULD behave, focuses on rational behavior. Descriptive theories describe how people actually do behave

Answer 34

an assessment of how often various events have occurred in the past, useful for making judgments

Answer 35

making your decision based on what comes to mind easiest (Ex: more words that start with the letter R or have the letter R in the third position)

Answer 36

placing someone or something in a category if it is similar to your prototype for that category (Ex: assuming a scientist is weird or doesn’t like fashion)

Answer 37

tendency to rely on the first piece of information encountered

Answer 38

whether two behaviors/happenings tend to occur at the same time. We are bad at judging this An illusory covariation is an incorrect belief that two happenings occur together (astrology)

Answer 39

ow frequently something occurs in general. We tend to neglect this information

Answer 40

Does an individual case belong to a category

Answer 41

Type 1 model refers to thinking that is fast and automatic and that uses heuristics. Type 2 model refers to thinking that is slower, effortful, and more likely to be correct. Type 1 is not sloppy, it is often accurate and more efficient. Type 2 thinking can be influenced by training

Answer 42

the tendency to continue endorsing a belief even when evidence has completely undermined it

Answer 43

a type of logical argument that begins with two premises and then is completed with a conclusion that may or may not follow (All M are B, All D are M. Therefore, all D are B) Can be valid or invalid

Answer 44

if the conclusion is something people already believe to be true, they are more likely to judge the conclusion as following from the premises. People may ignore the premises of the logical argument and instead rely on their broader pattern of beliefs about what is true and what is not

Answer 45

If this is true, then that is true (or vice versa). We are bad at reasoning about these unless put into terms we can understand

Answer 46

Test of conditional statements. “If a card has a vowel on one side, then it must have an even number on the other side”. Which cards must be turned over to test this rule?

Answer 47

choosing the option with the greatest expected value (Ex: how many lives are saved)

Answer 48

decisions are a calculation of prospect of costs and benefits and humans weigh prospect of loss greater than prospect of gain (this is called loss aversion)

Answer 49

we tend to avoid risk when we could gain something, but we tend to be risk-taking when we could potentially lose something (we are averse to loss and would rather take a risk than have a certain loss). Also, could frame things in terms of gains or losses (Ex: 200/600 will be saved vs 400/600 will die), which would affect decisions.

Answer 50

If the frame casts a choice in terms of losses, we tend to be risk-seeking because we want to avoid the losses. If the frame casts a choice in terms of gains, we tend to be risk-averse because we want to preserve the gains.

Answer 51

stresses the importance of emotion in decision-making. Conscious knowledge alone is not sufficient for making advantageous decisions. “Somatic markers” are feelings in the body that strongly influence decisions.

Answer 52

People will estimate their future feelings, which plays a role in decision making. People however tend to overestimate their future feelings, especially for negative situations

Answer 53

patients with this do not show emotional responses when making decisions, and have imparied decision making. These patients do not have these somatic markers (feelings in the body that strongly influence decisions.)

Answer 54

There is an initial state and a goal state, and overall path constraints. The entire problem is confined to a problem space, and you have a set of operators with which to solve the problem

Answer 55

the knowledge and resources you have at the outset

Answer 56

That state that you are working towards

Answer 57

The available tools or actions

Answer 58

The limits that rule out some operations

Answer 59

The set of all states that can be reached in solving a problem, too vast to explore

Answer 60

at each decision-point, you choose the option that goes in the direction of your goal ex: dog that won't head away from its goal to get to the gate entrance

Answer 61

another problem solving heuristic, visualizing the problem sometimes allows for easier solutions ex: bookworm chewing through volumes

Answer 62

giving an analogy can help solve a problem, but only if the analogy is understood to be an analogy ex: tumor radiation vs evil dictator

Answer 63

Splitting a problem into a series of smaller problems to aid in the solving of the overall problem ex: three ring problem

Answer 64

in a well-defined problem, the goal state as well as the available operators are clearly defined. In an ill-defined problem it is useful to break down into subgoals

Answer 65

having fixed ideas about the typical functions of objects (Ex: two-string and candle problem, where pliers must be used as a weight)

Answer 66

mental set is a framework for thinking about a problem

Answer 67

In the water jar problem (where you have to measure a specific amount of water), the mental set can become fixated and the simpler answer can be ignored as people try and solve the problem the way they did earlier

Answer 68

thinking about the problem in a new way in order to find a solution ex: connecting a set of nine dots arranged in a square with four straight lines requires leaving the confines of the square

Answer 69

Preparation, incubation, illumination, verification

Answer 70

Information gathering

Answer 71

Taking a conscious break

Answer 72

Insight emerges

Answer 73

Working out the details to solve the problem

Answer 74

Arguments for: Problem solving may be promoted if thoughts are allowed to wander. Early efforts may have lead to fatigue which would dissipate. Arguments against: studies have been unreliable

Answer 75

The ability to find new connections among ideas

Answer 76

Divergent thinking across four dimensions (Fluency, originality, flexibility, and elaboration)

Answer 77

Fluency – how many uses you can come up with Originality – how uncommon those uses are (e.g. “router restarter” is more uncommon than “holding papers together”) Flexibility – how many areas your answers cover (e.g. cufflinks and earrings are both accessories, aka one area) Elaboration – level of detail in responses; “keeping headphones from getting tangled up” would be worth more than “bookmark”

Answer 78

test scores improve with instruction, there are narrow domains of expertise, tests are culturally biased

Answer 79

Verbal comprehension, Perceptual reasoning, Working memory, and processing speed combine for an index of intelligence

Answer 80

Similarities subtest- describe how are two items similar

Answer 81

Block design test- recreate an image using colored blocks

Answer 82

Digit span both backwards and forwards

Answer 83

symbol search task- checking whether symbols on the right side are present on the left side

Answer 84

An evaluation of how consistent the measure is, reliability within the same person who has taken the test. Very high for intelligence tests but not perfect

Answer 85

How well the test predicts someone will perform in the setting that requires it

Answer 86

generalized intelligence would mean that there is one measure of intelligence. Specialized intelligence would mean that each measure of intelligence is separate.

Answer 87

A factor for general intelligence that is generally accepted

Answer 88

Fluid intelligence is the ability to deal with new and unusual problems. Crystallized intelligence is acquired knowledge, including your verbal knowledge and your experience

Answer 89

Prototype: Medium size furry mammal with four legs and a tail. Exemplar: golden retriever

Answer 90

Drew more frequently from bad decks (EVR had prefrontal cortex damage)

Answer 91

Always endorsed the utilitarian choice (prefrontal cortex damage)

Answer 92

ease of producing connected speech vs halting effortful speech

Answer 93

ventromedial prefrontal cortex, emotional decision making or emotional thrust

Answer 94

Broca's - left inferior frontal gyrus, lower part of left frontal lobe, near motor cortex Wernicke's - left posterior superior temporal gyrus, closeish to somatosensory cortex and parietal lobe