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Cognitive > Exam 1: Sept 19 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Sept 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Who did Dualism?

A

Descarte

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2
Q

Describe the theory of dualism

A

the human mind and body are two distinct entities that interact with each other to make a person

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3
Q

How is cognitive revolution different from behaviorism?

A

it is the (indirect) study of mental functions rather than the study of observable behavior in response to an external stimulus

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4
Q

Describe the theory of introspection and its limitations

A

the process of observing the operations of one’s own mind with a view to discovering the laws that govern the mind, cannot be proven

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

A specific, testable prediction

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6
Q

Validity

A

Accurately measures the concepts you think you are measuring

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7
Q

Construct Validity

A

Am I measuring what I want to measure?

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8
Q

External Validity

A

Can these findings be generalized? Are they similar to the “real world”?

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9
Q

Internal Validity

A

Are my results due to my independent variable alone?

CONFOUNDING variables

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10
Q

Confounding Variables

A

other variables that might affect the dependent variable that unintentionally varies between groups

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11
Q

Random vs. convenience sample

A

Random Sample - can generalize findings to population

Convenience Sample - cannot generalize to population

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12
Q

Between subjects experiment

A

Control and an experimental group

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13
Q

Counterbalancing

A

If order may be a factor, randomly assign participants to each combination

E.g., the first 10 participants would complete condition A followed by condition B, and the remaining 10 participants would complete condition B and then A. Any order effects should be balanced out by this technique.

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14
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Influence subjects to behave a certain way based on what they expect the experimenter to want

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15
Q

Operational definition

A

Operationally define what you are trying to measure

Break down memories into number of details

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16
Q

Correlations - Problems

A

Third Variable Problem (Correlations)

When observing a correlation between two things a third variable may be influencing both variables

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17
Q

Within-subjects experiment

A

All participants complete all experimental conditions

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18
Q

Reliable

A

Must be stable and consistent over time and across people

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19
Q

Accurate

A

The degree to which the measure is error free

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20
Q

ZAPS Split Brain Chart

Visual Field + Hand → Recognize, Choose, both

A

Left Visual Field + Left Hand → only choose
Left Visual Field + Right Hand → neither

Right Visual Field + Left Hand → recognize only
Right Visual Field + Right Hand → recognize and choose

Recognize in Right Visual Field, Choose when Visual Field=Hand

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21
Q

Parts of Neuron: Dendrites

A

Excitatory and inhibitory signals enter

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22
Q

Parts of Neuron: Cell body/soma

A

Signals are integrated

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23
Q

Parts of Neuron: Myelin Sheath

A

Insulate axon and speed signals

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24
Q

Parts of Neuron: Node of Ranvier

A

Saltatory conduction

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25
Q

Parts of Neuron: Terminal buttons

A

Release Neurotransmitters

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26
Q

Parts of Neuron: synapse

A

Between axon terminals of one neuron and dendrites of another

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27
Q

Neuroaxis

A

Line drawn through the CNS, up spinal cord and to the front of the brain

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28
Q

Rostral/Anterior

A

Along the neuroaxis towards the front of the face (up)

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29
Q

Caudal/Posterior

A

Along the neuroaxis away from the front of the face (down)

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30
Q

Dorsal

A

∟ to the neuroaxis towards the top of the head or the back

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31
Q

Ventral

A

∟ to the neuroaxis towards the bottom of the skull or the front of body

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32
Q

Superior and Inferior

A

Above/below

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33
Q

Lateral and Medial

A

Towards the side or the middle

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34
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side of the body

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35
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite sides of the body

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36
Q

Coronal/Frontal Plane

A

Parallel to the forehead

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37
Q

Axial/Transverse/Horizontal Plane

A

Parallel to the ground

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38
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

∟ to the ground and = to the neuroaxis or midsagittal plane

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39
Q

Gray matter

A

cell bodies

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40
Q

White matter

A

dense array of nerve fibers (axons) connecting parts of the cortex

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41
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

large bundle of axons, connects the two hemispheres

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42
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A 
Outer layer of the brain, gray matter
Contains fissures (sulci) and bumps (gyri)
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43
Q

Occipital (cortex)

A

Primary visual cortex

Back of brain

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44
Q

Parietal (cortex)

A

Primary somatosensory cortex
Touch and attention

Between frontal and occipital, top of brain

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45
Q

Temporal (cortex)

A

Primary auditory cortex
Audition and language

By ears, bottom of brain

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46
Q

Frontal (cortex)

A

Prefrontal cortex - Rational thought and behavior
Primary motor cortex
Movement and rational behavior

Front of brain

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47
Q

Brainstem

A

Essential for basic survival functions

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48
Q

Cerebellum

A

Essential for movement

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49
Q

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

A

Thalamus is ‘gateway’ to the cortex’

Hypothalamus → regulatory functions

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50
Q

Hippocampus

A

Formation of new memories

Spatial memory and navigation

51
Q

Amygdala

A

Learning about biological relevant stimuli, responding to fear and emotional processing
Personal space

52
Q

Basal ganglia (group of structures) (+ Damage causes…)

A

Nucleus accumbens → rewarding behaviors
Involved in movement, reward, and motivation

Damage can lead to Parkinson’s

53
Q

Damage to the occipital cortex can lead to…

A

visual apperceptive agnosia
is a visual impairment that
cannot recognize familiar objects, cannot draw/match/copy objects

associative agnosia - issues associating sight with conceptual information

54
Q

Damage to the parietal cortex can lead to…

A

Hemispatial inattention/neglect

Draw a clock with the 12 at the bottom, ignore half of the visual field

55
Q

Damage to the temporal cortex can lead to…

A

Anomia

problems with word finding or recall

56
Q

What are the two structural imaging techniques?

A

MRI and DTI

57
Q

What does MRI stand for? What parts of the brain can it scan?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Picture of the brain / Volume of segments
Gray and white matter

58
Q

What does DTI stand for? What parts of the brain can it scan?

A

Diffusion Tensor Imaging
White matter only
Integrity of white matter pathways
Connections between areas

59
Q

Lesion

A

Damage from trauma, surgery, stroke

60
Q

What does TMS stand for? What kind of imaging is it?

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Changes the electric field of the brain - virtual lesion
Hard to localize, especially with subcortical regions

61
Q

What are the five types of functional imaging?

A

fMRI, EEG, ECoG, MEG, PET

62
Q

What does fMRI stand for? How does it work and what is its spatial and temporal resolution in comparison with other functional tests?

A

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Measures oxygenation of blood, seconds
Second only to ECoG for spatial resolution

63
Q

What does EEG stand for? How does it work and what is its spatial and temporal resolution in comparison with other functional tests?

A

Electroencephalography
Continuous recording of electrical activity (millisecond)
Event Related Potential (ERP)
Spatial is pretty crappy

64
Q

What does ECoG stand for? How does it work and what is its spatial and temporal resolution in comparison with other functional tests?

A

Electrocorticography
Grid of electrodes on cortical surface of the brains of epileptic patients
Greatest spatial resolution, temporal similar to EEG (very good)

65
Q

What does MEG stand for? How does it work and what is its spatial and temporal resolution in comparison with other functional tests?

A

Magnetoencephalography
Measures magnetic activity
Good temporal resolution (10-100 milliseconds), poor spatial resolution

66
Q

What does PET stand for? How does it work and what is its spatial and temporal resolution in comparison with other functional tests?

A

Positron Emission Tomography
Blood flow through radioactive isotopes
Slightly lower temporal and spatial resolution than fMRI

67
Q

Sensation

A

detection of physical stimuli and transmission of that information to the brain

68
Q

Perception

A

brain’s further processing, organization, and interpretation of sensory information

69
Q

Transduction

A

sensory stimuli are converted into electrochemical (neural signals)

70
Q

Threshold

A

level at which you can detect a stimulus or a change in stimulus

71
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

lowest level of stimulus intensity for a sense to respond 50% of the time

72
Q

Weber’s Law

A

smallest detectable increase in the intensity of a stimulus is a constant proportion of the intensity of the original stimulus

73
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

our detection of a stimulus is not an objective process, but based on sensitivity and response bias

74
Q

Sensitivity

A

Sensitivity to the signal in the presence of noise

75
Q

Response Bias

A

A general term for a wide range of tendencies for participants to respond inaccurately or falsely to questions. For signal detection a response bias might be an increase in likelihood for the person is to say they perceived a signal

76
Q

Rods

A

photoreceptor cells that work best in low light, produce b/w images, and are found in decreasing levels from the edges of the fovea to the end of the retina

77
Q

Cones

A

photoreceptor cells that work best in bright light, produce color images, and are clustered in the fovea

78
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

the part of the brain where the axons of the optic nerve crossover to send input from each eye to the opposite side of the brain

79
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A

the process by which horizontal cells in the eye inhibit neighboring cells from firing, exaggerating the contrast at the edge of bright and gray stimulus

80
Q

Receptive Fields

A

different neurons respond to different sizes, shapes, and characteristics in the visual world

81
Q

Center-Surround Cells

A

circular receptive field, strong response when light is in the center, weak response when light is further away, at midrange response is equal to that at rest
“Dot detectors”

82
Q

Edge Detector Cells

A

respond to light in a particular orientation, such as strong response when light is vertical, mild response when light is diagonal, and very weak when light is horizontal

83
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Color vision results from activity in three different types of cones

84
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A

Color perception is controlled by the activity of two opponent systems: a blue-yellow mechanism and a red-green mechanism.

one will give excitatory signals and the other will give inhibitory signals to the ganglion

85
Q

Gestalt Principles

A

describes how visual stimuli is perceived according to the laws of perceptual organization and the principle of maximum likelihood

86
Q

Stroboscopic Movement

A

If an object jumps from one location to another in the visual field at a fast enough interval, it appears to be moving

87
Q

What are the four parts of a response bias chart?

A

Signal Present / Response Yes → Hit
Signal Absent / Response Yes → False Alarm
Signal Present / Response No → Miss
Signal Absent / Response No → Correct Rejection

88
Q

What is the path visual signals take from our eyes to the brain?

A

Light → Retina → Photoreceptor Cells (Rods/Cones) → Bipolar Cells, Ganglion Cells, and Horizontal Cells → Optic Nerve → Optic Chiasm → Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (Thalamus) → Primary Visual Cortex

89
Q

Two Categories of Gestalt Principles and their rules

A

Grouping → Proximity, Similarity, and Continuity

Maximum Likelihood → Simplicity, Common Fate, Closure

90
Q

Monocular depth cue of occlusion

A

nearby objects block far objects

91
Q

Monocular depth cue of texture gradient

A

textures get denser as they recede

92
Q

3 “Constancy”s

A

Shape
Lightness and Color
Size

93
Q

Which factors determine the loudness and pitch of a sound?

A 
Amplitude = loudness
Frequency = pitch
94
Q

What is the path a sound wave takes to the final receptors?

A

Ear Canal → Eardrum → Ossicles (3 bones) → Oval Window → Cochlea→ Fluid in Basilar Membrane → Hair Cells

95
Q

Define oval window

A

The oval window is the membrane at the start of the cochlea

96
Q

Temporal Coding (hearing)

A

low frequency only

Firing rate of hair cells matches the frequency of the sound

97
Q

Place Coding or Tonotopic Organization (hearing)

A

High frequencies displace basilar membrane in the base of the cochlea

Low frequencies displace basilar membrane at the tip of the cochlea

98
Q

Receptors for taste

A

Papillae have taste buds along their sides

99
Q

Five elemental tastes

A 
Sweet
Salty
Sour
Bitter
Umami
100
Q

Two parts of flavor

A

Flavor = Taste + Retronasal Smell

101
Q

Smell receptors

A

Olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity

102
Q

Path of smell to brain

A

odorant stimulates many types of receptors → particular pattern of activity = smell

DOES NOT GO TO THALAMUS
→ olfactory bulb (brain cavity above nose) → prefrontal cortex and amygdala

Particles travel to nose -> Nasal cavity -> olfactory epithelium smell receptors -> olfactory bulb-> olfactory nerve -> cortex and amygdala

103
Q

Haptic Sense / Receptors

A

the sense of touch
Sensations of temperature, pressure, and pain
Two types of pain receptors (fast/slow)
Different types of receptors for different sensations

104
Q

Kinesthetic Sense

A

perception of the positions in space and movements of our bodies and our limbs

105
Q

Associative agnosia

A

Can see, but cannot associate vision with meaning of the object
Cannot ID the object, but can copy it

106
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Stimulus-driven effects

Stimulus → Processing → Perception → Prior Experience

107
Q

Top-down processing

A

Knowledge or expectation driven effects
Prior Experience → Perception → Stimuli Processing
Stimulus → Stimuli Processing

108
Q

3 takeaways of Word Flash experiment

A

High-frequency words are better detected than low-frequency words → top-down processing
Words you have seen recently are better recognized → repetition priming
Better at identifying letters within a word → word superiority effect (top/down)

109
Q

Feature Nets

A

Stimulus → Feature Detectors → Letter Detectors → Bigram Detectors (2 letters) → Word Detectors

110
Q

The face-specificity hypothesis

A

the perception of faces is conducted by specialized cognitive and neural machinery distinct from that engaged in the perception of objects

111
Q

Face-inversion effect

A

more difficult to recognize inverted faces, not so with other objects

112
Q

Thatcher Illusion

A

more difficult to detect local feature changes in an upside-down face, despite identical changes being obvious in an upright face

113
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

an acquired or congenital (developmental) disorder in face perception

114
Q

Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

A

A region in the inferior temporal lobe responding preferentially to faces, has right hemisphere dominance

Can also be activated for discrimination between objects of expertise

115
Q

Who did Introspection?

A

Wundt- 1880s

116
Q

Who did Psychoanalysis?

A

Freud- 1900s

117
Q

Who did Behaviorism?

A

Watson- 1920s-60s

118
Q

Who founded the cognitive revolution?

A

Miller- 1960s

119
Q

Who founded cognitive neuroscience?

A

Gazzaniga- 1980s

120
Q

Organization of ions inside and outside neuron

A

more Na outside and more K inside

121
Q

action potential #s

A

-77 to +55

122
Q

action potential channels

A

action potential begins → Channels open and Na enters → positive polarization → K flows out → repolarizes

123
Q

mechanism of inhibitory and excitatory signals

A

Inhibitory → hyperpolarize, Excitatory → depolarize

124
Q

how myelin/nodes work together

A

Myelin prevents ions from escaping, action potential re-energizes when it reaches nodes

Cognitive (3 decks)

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