Exam 1: Sept 19 Flashcards
1
Q
Who did Dualism?
A
Descarte
2
Q
Describe the theory of dualism
A
the human mind and body are two distinct entities that interact with each other to make a person
3
Q
How is cognitive revolution different from behaviorism?
A
it is the (indirect) study of mental functions rather than the study of observable behavior in response to an external stimulus
4
Q
Describe the theory of introspection and its limitations
A
the process of observing the operations of one’s own mind with a view to discovering the laws that govern the mind, cannot be proven
5
Q
Hypothesis
A
A specific, testable prediction
6
Q
Validity
A
Accurately measures the concepts you think you are measuring
7
Q
Construct Validity
A
Am I measuring what I want to measure?
8
Q
External Validity
A
Can these findings be generalized? Are they similar to the “real world”?
9
Q
Internal Validity
A
Are my results due to my independent variable alone?
CONFOUNDING variables
10
Q
Confounding Variables
A
other variables that might affect the dependent variable that unintentionally varies between groups
11
Q
Random vs. convenience sample
A
Random Sample - can generalize findings to population
Convenience Sample - cannot generalize to population
12
Q
Between subjects experiment
A
Control and an experimental group
13
Q
Counterbalancing
A
If order may be a factor, randomly assign participants to each combination
E.g., the first 10 participants would complete condition A followed by condition B, and the remaining 10 participants would complete condition B and then A. Any order effects should be balanced out by this technique.
14
Q
Demand characteristics
A
Influence subjects to behave a certain way based on what they expect the experimenter to want
15
Q
Operational definition
A
Operationally define what you are trying to measure
Break down memories into number of details
16
Q
Correlations - Problems
A
Third Variable Problem (Correlations)
When observing a correlation between two things a third variable may be influencing both variables
17
Q
Within-subjects experiment
A
All participants complete all experimental conditions
18
Q
Reliable
A
Must be stable and consistent over time and across people
19
Q
Accurate
A
The degree to which the measure is error free
20
Q
ZAPS Split Brain Chart
Visual Field + Hand → Recognize, Choose, both
A
Left Visual Field + Left Hand → only choose
Left Visual Field + Right Hand → neither
Right Visual Field + Left Hand → recognize only
Right Visual Field + Right Hand → recognize and choose
Recognize in Right Visual Field, Choose when Visual Field=Hand
21
Q
Parts of Neuron: Dendrites
A
Excitatory and inhibitory signals enter
22
Q
Parts of Neuron: Cell body/soma
A
Signals are integrated
23
Q
Parts of Neuron: Myelin Sheath
A
Insulate axon and speed signals
24
Q
Parts of Neuron: Node of Ranvier
A
Saltatory conduction
25
Parts of Neuron: Terminal buttons
Release Neurotransmitters
26
Parts of Neuron: synapse
Between axon terminals of one neuron and dendrites of another
27
Neuroaxis
Line drawn through the CNS, up spinal cord and to the front of the brain
28
Rostral/Anterior
Along the neuroaxis towards the front of the face (up)
29
Caudal/Posterior
Along the neuroaxis away from the front of the face (down)
30
Dorsal
∟ to the neuroaxis towards the top of the head or the back
31
Ventral
∟ to the neuroaxis towards the bottom of the skull or the front of body
32
Superior and Inferior
Above/below
33
Lateral and Medial
Towards the side or the middle
34
Ipsilateral
Same side of the body
35
Contralateral
Opposite sides of the body
36
Coronal/Frontal Plane
Parallel to the forehead
37
Axial/Transverse/Horizontal Plane
Parallel to the ground
38
Sagittal Plane
∟ to the ground and = to the neuroaxis or midsagittal plane
39
Gray matter
cell bodies
40
White matter
dense array of nerve fibers (axons) connecting parts of the cortex
41
Corpus Callosum
large bundle of axons, connects the two hemispheres
42
Cerebral Cortex
```
Outer layer of the brain, gray matter
Contains fissures (sulci) and bumps (gyri)
```
43
Occipital (cortex)
Primary visual cortex
Back of brain
44
Parietal (cortex)
Primary somatosensory cortex
Touch and attention
Between frontal and occipital, top of brain
45
Temporal (cortex)
Primary auditory cortex
Audition and language
By ears, bottom of brain
46
Frontal (cortex)
Prefrontal cortex - Rational thought and behavior
Primary motor cortex
Movement and rational behavior
Front of brain
47
Brainstem
Essential for basic survival functions
48
Cerebellum
Essential for movement
49
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Thalamus is ‘gateway’ to the cortex’
| Hypothalamus → regulatory functions
50
Hippocampus
Formation of new memories
| Spatial memory and navigation
51
Amygdala
Learning about biological relevant stimuli, responding to fear and emotional processing
Personal space
52
Basal ganglia (group of structures) (+ Damage causes...)
Nucleus accumbens → rewarding behaviors
Involved in movement, reward, and motivation
Damage can lead to Parkinson's
53
Damage to the occipital cortex can lead to...
visual apperceptive agnosia
is a visual impairment that
cannot recognize familiar objects, cannot draw/match/copy objects
associative agnosia - issues associating sight with conceptual information
54
Damage to the parietal cortex can lead to...
Hemispatial inattention/neglect
| Draw a clock with the 12 at the bottom, ignore half of the visual field
55
Damage to the temporal cortex can lead to...
Anomia
| problems with word finding or recall
56
What are the two structural imaging techniques?
MRI and DTI
57
What does MRI stand for? What parts of the brain can it scan?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Picture of the brain / Volume of segments
Gray and white matter
58
What does DTI stand for? What parts of the brain can it scan?
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
White matter only
Integrity of white matter pathways
Connections between areas
59
Lesion
Damage from trauma, surgery, stroke
60
What does TMS stand for? What kind of imaging is it?
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Changes the electric field of the brain - virtual lesion
Hard to localize, especially with subcortical regions
61
What are the five types of functional imaging?
fMRI, EEG, ECoG, MEG, PET
62
What does fMRI stand for? How does it work and what is its spatial and temporal resolution in comparison with other functional tests?
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Measures oxygenation of blood, seconds
Second only to ECoG for spatial resolution
63
What does EEG stand for? How does it work and what is its spatial and temporal resolution in comparison with other functional tests?
Electroencephalography
Continuous recording of electrical activity (millisecond)
Event Related Potential (ERP)
Spatial is pretty crappy
64
What does ECoG stand for? How does it work and what is its spatial and temporal resolution in comparison with other functional tests?
Electrocorticography
Grid of electrodes on cortical surface of the brains of epileptic patients
Greatest spatial resolution, temporal similar to EEG (very good)
65
What does MEG stand for? How does it work and what is its spatial and temporal resolution in comparison with other functional tests?
Magnetoencephalography
Measures magnetic activity
Good temporal resolution (10-100 milliseconds), poor spatial resolution
66
What does PET stand for? How does it work and what is its spatial and temporal resolution in comparison with other functional tests?
Positron Emission Tomography
Blood flow through radioactive isotopes
Slightly lower temporal and spatial resolution than fMRI
67
Sensation
detection of physical stimuli and transmission of that information to the brain
68
Perception
brain’s further processing, organization, and interpretation of sensory information
69
Transduction
sensory stimuli are converted into electrochemical (neural signals)
70
Threshold
level at which you can detect a stimulus or a change in stimulus
71
Absolute Threshold
lowest level of stimulus intensity for a sense to respond 50% of the time
72
Weber’s Law
smallest detectable increase in the intensity of a stimulus is a constant proportion of the intensity of the original stimulus
73
Signal Detection Theory
our detection of a stimulus is not an objective process, but based on sensitivity and response bias
74
Sensitivity
Sensitivity to the signal in the presence of noise
75
Response Bias
A general term for a wide range of tendencies for participants to respond inaccurately or falsely to questions. For signal detection a response bias might be an increase in likelihood for the person is to say they perceived a signal
76
Rods
photoreceptor cells that work best in low light, produce b/w images, and are found in decreasing levels from the edges of the fovea to the end of the retina
77
Cones
photoreceptor cells that work best in bright light, produce color images, and are clustered in the fovea
78
Optic Chiasm
the part of the brain where the axons of the optic nerve crossover to send input from each eye to the opposite side of the brain
79
Lateral Inhibition
the process by which horizontal cells in the eye inhibit neighboring cells from firing, exaggerating the contrast at the edge of bright and gray stimulus
80
Receptive Fields
different neurons respond to different sizes, shapes, and characteristics in the visual world
81
Center-Surround Cells
circular receptive field, strong response when light is in the center, weak response when light is further away, at midrange response is equal to that at rest
"Dot detectors"
82
Edge Detector Cells
respond to light in a particular orientation, such as strong response when light is vertical, mild response when light is diagonal, and very weak when light is horizontal
83
Trichromatic Theory
Color vision results from activity in three different types of cones
84
Opponent-Process Theory
Color perception is controlled by the activity of two opponent systems: a blue-yellow mechanism and a red-green mechanism.
one will give excitatory signals and the other will give inhibitory signals to the ganglion
85
Gestalt Principles
describes how visual stimuli is perceived according to the laws of perceptual organization and the principle of maximum likelihood
86
Stroboscopic Movement
If an object jumps from one location to another in the visual field at a fast enough interval, it appears to be moving
87
What are the four parts of a response bias chart?
Signal Present / Response Yes → Hit
Signal Absent / Response Yes → False Alarm
Signal Present / Response No → Miss
Signal Absent / Response No → Correct Rejection
88
What is the path visual signals take from our eyes to the brain?
Light → Retina → Photoreceptor Cells (Rods/Cones) → Bipolar Cells, Ganglion Cells, and Horizontal Cells → Optic Nerve → Optic Chiasm → Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (Thalamus) → Primary Visual Cortex
89
Two Categories of Gestalt Principles and their rules
Grouping → Proximity, Similarity, and Continuity
Maximum Likelihood → Simplicity, Common Fate, Closure
90
Monocular depth cue of occlusion
nearby objects block far objects
91
Monocular depth cue of texture gradient
textures get denser as they recede
92
3 "Constancy"s
Shape
Lightness and Color
Size
93
Which factors determine the loudness and pitch of a sound?
```
Amplitude = loudness
Frequency = pitch
```
94
What is the path a sound wave takes to the final receptors?
Ear Canal → Eardrum → Ossicles (3 bones) → Oval Window → Cochlea→ Fluid in Basilar Membrane → Hair Cells
95
Define oval window
The oval window is the membrane at the start of the cochlea
96
Temporal Coding (hearing)
low frequency only
| Firing rate of hair cells matches the frequency of the sound
97
Place Coding or Tonotopic Organization (hearing)
High frequencies displace basilar membrane in the base of the cochlea
Low frequencies displace basilar membrane at the tip of the cochlea
98
Receptors for taste
Papillae have taste buds along their sides
99
Five elemental tastes
```
Sweet
Salty
Sour
Bitter
Umami
```
100
Two parts of flavor
Flavor = Taste + Retronasal Smell
101
Smell receptors
Olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity
102
Path of smell to brain
odorant stimulates many types of receptors → particular pattern of activity = smell
DOES NOT GO TO THALAMUS
→ olfactory bulb (brain cavity above nose) → prefrontal cortex and amygdala
Particles travel to nose -> Nasal cavity -> olfactory epithelium smell receptors -> olfactory bulb-> olfactory nerve -> cortex and amygdala
103
Haptic Sense / Receptors
the sense of touch
Sensations of temperature, pressure, and pain
Two types of pain receptors (fast/slow)
Different types of receptors for different sensations
104
Kinesthetic Sense
perception of the positions in space and movements of our bodies and our limbs
105
Associative agnosia
Can see, but cannot associate vision with meaning of the object
Cannot ID the object, but can copy it
106
Bottom-up processing
Stimulus-driven effects
| Stimulus → Processing → Perception → Prior Experience
107
Top-down processing
Knowledge or expectation driven effects
Prior Experience → Perception → Stimuli Processing
Stimulus → Stimuli Processing
108
3 takeaways of Word Flash experiment
High-frequency words are better detected than low-frequency words → top-down processing
Words you have seen recently are better recognized → repetition priming
Better at identifying letters within a word → word superiority effect (top/down)
109
Feature Nets
Stimulus → Feature Detectors → Letter Detectors → Bigram Detectors (2 letters) → Word Detectors
110
The face-specificity hypothesis
the perception of faces is conducted by specialized cognitive and neural machinery distinct from that engaged in the perception of objects
111
Face-inversion effect
more difficult to recognize inverted faces, not so with other objects
112
Thatcher Illusion
more difficult to detect local feature changes in an upside-down face, despite identical changes being obvious in an upright face
113
Prosopagnosia
an acquired or congenital (developmental) disorder in face perception
114
Fusiform Face Area (FFA)
A region in the inferior temporal lobe responding preferentially to faces, has right hemisphere dominance
Can also be activated for discrimination between objects of expertise
115
Who did Introspection?
Wundt- 1880s
116
Who did Psychoanalysis?
Freud- 1900s
117
Who did Behaviorism?
Watson- 1920s-60s
118
Who founded the cognitive revolution?
Miller- 1960s
119
Who founded cognitive neuroscience?
Gazzaniga- 1980s
120
Organization of ions inside and outside neuron
more Na outside and more K inside
121
action potential #s
-77 to +55
122
action potential channels
action potential begins → Channels open and Na enters → positive polarization → K flows out → repolarizes
123
mechanism of inhibitory and excitatory signals
Inhibitory → hyperpolarize, Excitatory → depolarize
124
how myelin/nodes work together
Myelin prevents ions from escaping, action potential re-energizes when it reaches nodes
